Upper GI Pathology Flashcards
pinch biopsy
endoscopic biopsy; pinches off the mucosa layer (sometimes reaches submucosa)
can only reach stomach and duodenum (oral endoscopy) or colon (colonic endoscopy)
excisional biopsy
surgical biopsy; removes entire abnormal area of tissue (all 4 layers)
transverse biopsy
surgical biopsy; removes cylindrical sample of tissue (all 4 layers)
cleft palate
palatoschisis; failure of growth/fusion of the palatine shelves
- hard palate does not close off, allowing a direct opening between oral and nasal cavities
cleft palate presentation
respiratory distress
aspiration pneumonia
cause of cleft palate
unknown
inherited or toxin exposure of dam during gestation
megaesophagus
dilation of the esophagus causing decreased ability to contract and swallow
megaesophagus presentation
regurgitation
aspiration pneumonia
vesicular disease
blister/split between the layers of mucosa (forms a vesicle/bulla)
causes of vesicular disease
viral
immune mediated
genetic
ulceration
full thickness loss of epithelium
causes of ulceration
esophageal: acute reflux (ulcerative esophagitis)
gastric: imbalance between acid secretion and protective mechanisms, gastric acidity, NSAIDs, stress, viruses, toxins, septicemia, parasites
gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV)
dilation and gas distention of the stomach causing it to rotate
- aerophagia occurs before volvulus
- volvulus prevents ability to burp out the gas and pass food
GDV risk factors
large/giant breed
deep chested
large meals/rapid eating
temperament and stress
GI repair mechanisms
- restitution: cells migrate to site of injury and use basement membrane as scaffold
- fast, no DNA/protein synthesis, only occurs if BM intact - replication: cell turnover; collagen and new proteins must be laid down as scaffold
- slow, DNA/protein synthesis required, occurs in BM not intact
