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VET 405: GI > GI Pathology > Flashcards

GI Pathology Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

plica

A

folds of the gut wall that include both mucosa + submucosa

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2
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections of the gut wall that include mucosa only
- many enterocytes per villi

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3
Q

microvilli

A

fingerlike projections on the apical surface of each enterocyte –> brush border

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4
Q

function of plica, villi, and microvilli

A

increase surface area

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5
Q

crypts

A

intestinal glands; invaginations between each villi
- crypts should be 1/4 the height of a villi

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6
Q

differences in large intestine vs small intestine

A

large intestine - NO villi/microvilli

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7
Q

functions of the intestines

A
  1. absorption of nutrients
  2. excretion of waste
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8
Q

main GI disease processes

A
  1. inflammation
  2. degeneration
  3. growth disorders
  4. developmental disorders
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9
Q

timeline of inflammation

A

acute, chronic, chronic active

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10
Q

acute inflammation

A

fibrin, neutrophils, hyperemia, congestion

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11
Q

chronic inflammation

A

fibrosis, macrophages, giant cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes

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12
Q

chronic active inflammation

A

combination of acute and chronic features

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13
Q

what is fibrin

A

acute phase protein that leaks from vessels during inflammation

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14
Q

what is fibrosis

A

collagen scar tissue; takes weeks to form

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15
Q

what is intussuception

A

type of degenerative/necrotic disease process

telescoping of proximal intestine into distal intestine

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16
Q

intussuceptum

A

the (proximal) part of intestine that goes into the intussuscepiens

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17
Q

intussuceptiens

A

the (distal) part of intestine that receives the intussuceptum

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18
Q

what is fibrinous colitis

A

type of degenerative/necrotic disease process

common in horses
often caused by C. diff infection
formation of a fibrin pseudomembrane on the mucosal surface of the colon

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19
Q

main consequences of diarrhea

A
  1. acid/base imbalance
  2. electrolyte depletion
  3. dehydration
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20
Q

normal absorption/secretion in the small intestine

A

absorption: occurs in cells at the top of the villi

secretion: occurs in cells at the base of the villi/crypts

net ABSORPTION

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21
Q

mechanisms of diarrhea

A
  1. secretory
  2. malabsorptive
  3. effusive
  4. osmotic
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22
Q

secretory diarrhea

A

absorption: normal
secretion: increased

net SECRETION

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23
Q

causes of secretory diarrhea

A

bacterial endotoxins (cholera, E. coli) on surface of enterocytes
- causes cAMP stimulated Cl- secretion into lumen –> draws water into lumen

disease: colibacillosis

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24
Q

malabsorptive diarrhea

A

absorption: decreased
secretion: normal

net SECRETION

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25
causes of malabsorptive diarrhea
villus atrophy causes morphologic damage --> reduced crypt:villi ratio
26
effusive diarrhea
absorption: normal secretion: increased net FIBRINOUS SECRETION
27
causes of effusive diarrhea
anything that damages endothelium of vessels
28
osmotic diarrhea
retention of water in the gut lumen
29
causes of osmotic diarrhea
magnesium sulfate starch - can't get broken down high grain diet in ruminants salts pull water into the lumen
30
what is large intestine diarrhea
reduction in the ability of the colon to absorb solute and fluid presented by proximal bowel (osmotic)
31
what are the mechanisms of large intestine diarrhea
same as small intestine: 1. secretory 2. malabsorptive 3. effusive 4. osmotic
32
partial obstruction
allows the passage of gas, fluid, or diarrhea
33
complete obstruction
does not allow the passage of gas or fluids; causes severe distention
34
strangulated obstruction
compromised blood supply + lumen obstruction
35
non-strangulated obstruction
lumen obstruction only - no compromised blood supply
36
mechanical obstruction
obstruction from within the lumen
37
functional obstruction
diffuse dysfunction of the intestine causing it to not be able to move contents forward
38
proximal obstruction
stomach or small intestine more common in small animals
39
distal obstruction
ascending/descending colon more common in large animals
40
simple obstructions in small animals
foreign bodies
41
simple obstructions in large animals
food/sand impactions
42
strangulated obstructions in small animals
GDV
43
strangulated obstructions in large animals
strangulated lipomas, epiploic foramen entrapment, large colon volvulus
44
non-strangulated infarctions
obstruction of blood supply without luminal obstruction SA: thromboembolic events LA: parasitic migrations (strongyles) causing cranial mesenteric arteritis
45
mechanism of obstruction --> necrosis
intestinal obstruction --> distention --> decreased perfusion to mucosa/serosa/muscularis
46
causes of distention
gas: aerophagia & bacterial overgrowth --> increased production fluid: normal secretions, decreased absorption ability
47
is the small or large intestine more sensitive to pressure necrosis
small intestine b/c it has villi --> takes longer to regenerate
48
what layer of the intestinal wall is most sensitive to pressure necrosis
seromuscular layer prone to neutrophilic infiltrate and mesothelial cell loss
49
hemorrhagic strangulating obstructions
veins: compressed arteries: not compressed arteries continue pumping blood in --> compressed veins prevent blood from leaving causes congestion & ischemia
50
examples of hemorrhagic strangulating obstructions
intussusceptions partially strangulated hernias
51
ischemic strangulating obstructions
veins: compressed arteries: compressed complete lack of blood supply causes rapid degeneration of mucosa
52
examples of ischemic strangulating obstructions
large colon volvulus
53
what part of the intestinal wall is most prone to ischemic injury
villi already hypoxic under normal conditions due to exchange of arteries and veins as they travel up villi has a high energy requirement to power Na/K ATPases
54
mechanism of ischemic injury in villi
hypoxia --> loss of oxidative phosphorylation --> failure of ATPases --> anaerobic glycolysis --> cell dies and detaches from basement membrane
55
what can be used as an indicator of tissue perfusion
lactate (produced by anaerobic glycolysis) serum lactate in SA compare serum and fluid lactate in LA
56
gruenhagen's space
space that forms as epithelium begins to pull away from basement membrane cells eventually slough off and can break all the way down to crypts
57
ischemia
oxygen deprived cell death
58
ischemia-reperfusion injury
local and systemic inflammatory response that occurs once blood flow is restored following an ischemic event causes toxins that built up to be released all at once
59
what toxin is generated during ischemia
superoxide
60
superoxide
reactive metabolite that is generated during ischemia targets cell membranes --> activates arachidonic acid pathway --> produces pro-inflammatory cytokines
61
effect of NSAIDs on arachidonic acid pathway
blocks COX pathways decreases PGE nad TXE production
62
effect of corticosteroids on arachidonic acid pathway
blocks phospholipase A2 decreases all cytokine production
63
epithelial restitution
the reformation of the mucosal barrier: - tight junctions - apical membrane - mucous layer
64
when does epithelial restitution occur
immediately after acute injury (18-24 hrs)
65
is epithelial restitution faster in the small intestine or colon
colon (no villi)
66
steps of epithelial restitution
1. crypt cells proliferate and replace lost cells 2. villi contract to decrease surface area that needs to be restored 3. epithelial cells migrate to seal the basement membrane 4. tight junctions and intracellular spaces close
67
what is the number 1 prognostic indicator that a colicking horse needs to go to surgery
persistent pain after time/meds
68
colic qualifications for surgical repair
usually small intestine or strangulated lesions 1. persistent pain 2. enteroliths 3. strangulated lesions 4. exploratory laparotomy
69
non surgical colics
usually large intestine or non-strangulated lesions medical management - fluids, electrolytes

VET 405: GI (19 decks)

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