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VET 405: GI > Liver Physiology > Flashcards

Liver Physiology Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 5 main functions of the liver

A
  1. metabolism
  2. detoxification
  3. excretion
  4. storage
  5. synthesis
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2
Q

metabolism function of the liver

A
  • process nutrients, drugs, and bacteria
  • site of first pass metabolism
  • site of gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, deamination of amino acids
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3
Q

detoxification function of the liver

A
  • limits entry of toxic substances into the bloodstream
  • extracts toxins from elsewhere in the body and converts them into excrete-able forms
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4
Q

what is the main blood supply to the liver

A

venous (portal vein)

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5
Q

what does the liver store

A

glycogen
vitamins (B12, D, A)
copper
iron

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6
Q

lobes of the liver

A
  1. caudate
  2. right lateral
  3. right medial
  4. quadrate
  5. left medial
  6. left lateral
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7
Q

where is the gallbladder located

A

in between the right medial and quadrate lobes

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8
Q

liver lobules

A

hexagonally shaped functional units of the liver

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9
Q

hepatic triad

A

hepatic artery
portal vein
bile duct

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10
Q

where is the central vein located

A

in the center of the lobule

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11
Q

what direction do sinusoids run

A

from hepatic triad to central vein (outside –> inside of lobule)

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12
Q

what direction do bile canaliculi run

A

from center of lobule –> bile ductules (inside –> outside of lobule)

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13
Q

hepatocytes

A

polarized epithelial cells with a strong ability to regenerate

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14
Q

polarization of hepatocytes

A

apical: (sides) forms the bile canaliuli

basal: (top/bottom) contacts the sinusoids to detoxify blood as it passes through

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15
Q

zone 1

A

periportal zone
located around the hepatic triad (outside of lobule)

receives the highest concentration of oxygen, insulin, glucagon, and amino acids

function: gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, urea cycle

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16
Q

zone 3

A

centrilobular zone
located around the central vein (inside of lobule)

receives the lowest concentration of oxygen and nutrients

function: CYP450 metabolism, glycolysis, lipogenesis, detoxification

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17
Q

what two mechanisms does the liver use to detoxify

A
  1. kupffer cells
  2. hepatocytes
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18
Q

kupffer cells

A

resident macrophages; phagocytic cells that line the sinusoids of the liver and are involved in RBC breakdown

  • detect foreign material in sinusoids
  • sample for immune responses (presents to T cells w/ MHC II)
  • clear gut-derived toxins
  • secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines
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19
Q

hepatocyte detox function

A

contain metabolic enzymes that solubilize toxins

site of phase 1 and 2 reactions

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20
Q

hepatocyte detox function

A

contain metabolic enzymes that solubilize toxins

site of phase 1 and 2 reactions

products get excreted into:
- bile –> feces
- bloodstream –> kidneys –> urine

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21
Q

phase 1 reaction

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A

CYP450 reactions

oxidation, hydroxylation, etc

22
Q

phase 2 reactions

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A

conjugation with another molecule

23
Q

bile

Study These Flashcards
A

fluid produced by hepatocytes and stored in the gallbladder

24
Q

how do hepatocytes produce bile

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A

hepatocytes break down cholesterol –> bile acids

secrete conjugated bilirubin, bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, proteins, ions, and water into canaliculi

25
functions of bile
1. emulsifies ingested fats 2. neutralizes pH of duodenum 3. forms micelles around fat
26
micelles
bile acids (which have 1 hydrophilic and 1 hydrophobic side) that aggregate around droplets of fat function: increases the surface area for the action of pancreatic lipase to allow fat to diffuse through epithelial cells in jejunum
27
what is the flow of bile
canaliculi --> biliary ductule --> bile duct --> left/right hepatic duct --> common hepatic duct
28
cholangiocytes
columnar epithelial cells that line biliary ductules and modify bile composition as it flows through - contains mucous glands - secretes IgA and IgM
29
bile acids
produced by hepatocytes from cholesterol and modified by colonic bacteria function: emulsifies fats for digestion
30
primary bile acids
produced by hepatocytes
31
secondary bile acids
modified by colonic bacteria
32
enterohepatic circulation
unconjugated bile acids get reabsorbed from the intestines via the portal vein --> travels back to the liver --> recycled conjugated bile acids can be deconjugated by microbiota and reabsorbed OR absorbed in ileum by ABST (apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter) exception: 5% of conjugated bile acids (gets excreted in feces)
33
bile stim tests
measures serum bile acids supply 1 sample fasted and 1 sample fed to measure how well bile is produced and freely moving through biliary system
34
bilirubin
metabolite of heme breakdown; provides color to bile, feces, and urine - can be toxic in excess --> must be excreted - insoluble - circulates bound to albumin and taken up by hepatocytes in sinusoids
35
how is bilirubin excreted
hepatocytes take up bilirubin as it passes through sinusoids and conjugates it with glucaronic acid --> gets secreted in bile --> unable to undergo enterohepatic circulation --> excreted in feces
36
gallbladder
muscular sac (diverticulum of the liver) used to concentrate and store bile
37
what prevents the gallbladder from leaking
extremely resistance tight junctions between epithelial cells
38
how does the gallbladder concentrate bile
absorbs Na+ from bile and exchanges for H+ --> draws water out of bile and into gallbladder cells --> concentrates bile --> empties into lumen of small intestine
39
what controls bile release into small intestine
1. CCK 2. neural stimulation
40
cholecystokinin
CCK; released by the SI in response to food entering; causes contraction of the gallbladder to release bile into common bile duct --> enters the intestines
41
neural stimulation of the gallbladder
parasympathetic vagal afferents stimulate release of bile from gallbladder via vagal efferents
42
cholestasis
obstruction of the biliary system: 1. choleliths 2. mucocele 3. cholecystitis
43
choleliths
gallstones; concentrations of bile that form in the biliary system and prevent outflow of bile from the gallbladder
44
mucocele
overproduction or dehydration of mucous from mucous glands in the gallbladder; causes a buildup of mucus that forms a mucus plus --> gallbladder inflammation
45
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder; often results from obstruction
46
jaundice/icterus
yellow discoloration of tissues by excess bile pigments (bilirubin) - hyperbilirubinemia
47
causes of jaundice/icterus
1. pre-hepatic: overproduction of bilirubin from hemolysis 2. hepatic: liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatitis) --> failure of hepatocytes to take up/conjugate bilirubin; impaired bilirubin transport 3. post-hepatic: cholestasis, gallstones, tumors --> impaired uptake of transport, obstruction of bile flow
48
causes of copper accumulation
1. chronic copper poisoning 2. hereditary copper toxicosis 3. chronic hepatitis
49
chronic copper poisoning
occurs in ruminants - unable to regulate copper storage well - too much Cu --> hepatocytes leak --> sudden release of Cu --> massive hemolysis causes pigmentary nephropathy from hemoglobin
50
hereditary copper toxicosis
mutation causing disruptions to normal excretion of Cu in bile leads to ongoing hepatocyte destruction - certain breeds predisposed
51
chronic hepatitis
chronic inflammation in liver affects normal excretion of bile leading to accumulation of copper

VET 405: GI (19 decks)

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