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GIGU Exam 1 > Abdominal Urology, Endocrinology & Andrology > Flashcards

Abdominal Urology, Endocrinology & Andrology Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

Kidneys: Location

A
  • Posterior to the abdominal cavity
  • Level of T12-L3
  • Right kidney lower than the Left
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2
Q

Structures that are Posterior to the Kidneys:

A
  • Quadratus Lumborum M
  • Psoas muscles
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3
Q

Kidneys: Intraperitoneal or Retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

Kidneys: Innervation

A
  • Least Splanchnic N
  • Posterior Vagal Trunk via the Renal Plexus from the Aorticorenal Ganglion
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5
Q

Right Kidney is associated with:

A
  • Liver
  • Duodenum
  • Ascending Colon
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6
Q

Left Kidney is associated with:

A
  • Stomach
  • Spleen
  • Pancreas
  • Jejunum
  • Descending Colon
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7
Q

Renal Capsule

A

Fibrous outer covering of the Kidney

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8
Q

Perinephric Fat (Perirenal Fat Capsule)

A
  • Layer of fat that lies immediately outside the kidney capsule
  • Surrounds the kidney, suprarenal glands, and the structures entering the kidney via the renal hilum
  • Enters renal sinus
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9
Q

Renal Fascia (Gerota Fascia)

A
  • Fascial layer surrounding the perinephric fat
  • Covers the suprarenal glands, and the nuerovasculature entering the renal hilum; continues down the ureter
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10
Q

Superior aspect of the Renal Fascia attaches to the:

A

Diaphragm

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11
Q

Paranephric Fat (Paranephric Body)

A
  • Most superficial layer of fat around the kidney
  • This layer is enclosed by the fascia of the surrounding muscles
  • Aids in stabilizing the kidneys
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12
Q

Renal Blood Supply comes from the ___ ___ and returns to the ___ ___ ___

A
  • Abdominal Aorta
  • IVC
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13
Q

Renal Artery

A

From renal aorta

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14
Q

Segmental Artery

A
  • First branching point of renal artery
  • Feed the superior, anterosuperior, anteroinferior, inferior and posterior renal segments
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15
Q

Interlobar Artery

A

Found in the renal columns within the medulla

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16
Q

Arcuate Artery

A

Curves around the top of the renal pyramids

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17
Q

Cortical Radiate Artery (Interlobular Artery)

A

Runs into the cortex towards the medulla

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18
Q

Cortical Radiate Vein

A

Runs from the cortex

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19
Q

Arcuate Vein

A

Curves around the top of the Renal Pyramid

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20
Q

Interlobar Vein

A

Runs within the column

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21
Q

Interlobar Veins join to form the:

A

Renal Vein

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22
Q

Renal Vein

A

Travel to the IVC

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23
Q

Which Renal Vein is longer?

A

Left

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24
Q

The Left Renal Vein also receives input from:

A

Left Gonadal Vein

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25
Renal Hilum (Hilus)
- Notch-like structure on the medial aspect of the kidney - Where the neurovasculature and ureter for the kidney enters/exits (Renal V, Renal A, Renal Lymphatic Vessel, Nerves to Kidneys)
26
Renal Sinus
- Area surrounding the hilum inside the kidney - Often filled with fat, an extension of the perinephric fat layer
27
Renal Cortex
- Outer layer of the kidney that is deep into the renal capsule - Runs around the edge of the kidney - Contains the renal corpuscles
28
Renal Column
Extension of the renal cortex into the medulla
29
Renal Lobe
Renal Pyramid plus surrounding Renal Columns
30
Renal Medulla
- Inner part of the kidney - Within this area is the renal columns and pyramids - Surrounds the renal sinus and urine-collecting structures
31
Renal Pyramid (Medullary Pyramid)
- Part of the renal medulla that contains the nephron tubules for filtration and collecting ducts for urine - Located between the columns
32
Renal Papilla
- Tip of the renal pyramid - Allows urine created by the renal pyramid to drain from it into the minor calyx
33
Minor Calyx
Funnel-like structures that surround the renal papilla and collect urine from it
34
Major Calyx
- Part of the urine collecting system - Created when the minor calyxes merge
35
Renal Pelvis
- Created when the Major Calyxes merge - Extends out from the kidney at the hilum and transitions into the ureter - Allows the urine created by the kidney to leave the kidney
36
Ureter
- Retroperitoneal - Muscular duct that comes off the renal pelvis and begins the urinary tract - Runs inferiorly passing over the pelvic brim around the level of the Common Iliac Bifurcation, then follows the lateral pelvic wall to enter the urinary bladder at an oblique angle
37
In males, the ureter runs behind the:
Ductus Deferens
38
In females, the ureter runs behind the:
Uterine Artery
39
3 Locations of Ureteric Constrictions:
(1) Ureteropelvic Junction (junction of ureter with renal pelvis) (2) Crossing the Pelvic Brim (3) Ureterovesical Junction (where ureter enters urinary bladder)
40
Vascular Supply of Ureters:
- Renal A - Gonadal A - Aortic Vessels
41
Suprarenal Gland (Adrenal Gland)
- Located superior to the kidney, lying between the kidney and the diaphragm - Surrounded by Perinephric Fat and Renal Fascia
42
Right Suprarenal Gland is associated with:
- Right Crus of the Diaphragm - IVC
43
Left Suprarenal Gland is associated with:
- Left Crus of the Diaphragm - Spleen - Stomach - Pancreas
44
Suprarenal Cortex
- Outer part of the suprarenal gland - Secretes corticosteroids and androgens
45
Suprarenal Medulla
- Inner part of the suprarenal gland - Has a strong sympathetic nervous tissue component - Releases hormones via presynaptic neural activation for the sympathetic response activation
46
Suprarenal Cortex is embryonically derived from:
Mesoderm
47
Suprarenal Medulla is embryonically derived from:
Neural Crest Cells
48
Pancreas
- Foregut organ - Retroperitoneal except for the tail in the splenorenal ligament - Located around L1-L2 - Responsible for secreting pancreatic juice for digestion and hormones
49
Structure that is Anterior to the Pancreas:
Stomach (Lesser Sac)
50
Structures that are Posterior to the Pancreas:
- Aorta - IVC - Left Kidney - Left Suprarenal Gland
51
What two organs surround the Pancreas?
- Duodenum - Spleen
52
Head of the Pancreas
- Located on the Right side - Surrounded by the descending and horizontal parts of the duodenum - Bile duct lies posterior to the head
53
Head of the Pancreas is associated with the:
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (where the pancreatic and bile ducts come together)
54
Head of the Pancreas: Uncinate Process
- Inferior projection towards the Left - Located behind the Superior Mesenteric A
55
Neck of the Pancreas
- Short aspect of the pancreas to the left of the head - Lies near the Pylorus of the Stomach
56
Structure that is Posterior to the Neck of the Pancreas:
Superior Mesenteric Vessels
57
The Neck of the Pancreas is the location of ___ ___ formation
Portal Vein (Mesenteric + Splenic Vs)
58
Body of the Pancreas
- Between the Neck and the Tail - Lies over the Aorta, L Kidney and Suprarenal Gland, Splenic V, and Diaphragm - Located around level of L1-L2
59
Structure that is located along the top of the Body of the Pancreas:
Splenic Artery
60
The Body of the Pancreas forms the floor of the ___ ___
Lesser Sac (Omental Bursa)
61
Tail of the Pancreas
- Left-most aspect of the pancreas - Located within the Splenorenal Ligament (also contains the Splenic A and V)
62
Structures associated with the Tail of the Pancreas:
- Spleen - Left Colic Flexure
63
What is the only part of the Pancreas that is Intraperitoneal?
Tail of the Pancreas
64
Main Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Wirsung)
- Part of the Pancreas responsible for collecting the pancreatic secretions used for digestion - Begins at the tail of the pancreas and travels through the length to the head; exits the pancreas traveling inferiorly to help create the hepatopancreatic ampulla with bile duct
65
Accessory Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Santorini)
- Variable duct within the pancreas that has the same function as the main pancreatic duct - May or may not connect with the main duct - Can have a connection and release point into the duodenum via the Minor Duodenal Papilla
66
Gallbladder
Helps store and concentrate bile produced in the liver
67
Gallbladder: Location
- Located in the fossa of the gallbladder on the inferior (visceral) surface of the liver - Anterior to the duodenum
68
Fundus of the Gallbladder
- Projects towards the body wall around the 9th costal cartilage - Farthest from the cystic duct which allows bile to enter and leave the gallbladder
69
Body of the Gallbladder
- Main portion of the gallbladder that attaches to the inferior surface of the liver - Lies between the fundus and the neck
70
Neck of the Gallbladder
- Narrowing, tapering end of the gallbladder near the Porta Hepatis that serves as the entrance and exit of the structure - Lies between the body of the gallbladder and the Cystic Duct
71
Biliary Duct
Responsible for moving the bile from the liver and gallbladder into the GI Tract
72
Cystic Duct
Structure that connects the neck of the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct to form the bile duct
73
Spiral Fold (Spiral Valves of Heister)
- Located within the Cystic Duct - Mucosa spirals to form a valve-like structure - Helps with the control of bile within the biliary system
74
Right & Left Hepatic Duct
- Collect the bile from the smaller, internal ducts within the Right and Left lobes of the liver - Contain canaliculi that merge to form interlobular biliary ducts that then merge to form the bile ducts then hepatic ducts
75
Bile Canaliculi collect bile from the ___
Hepatocytes
76
Canaliculi merge to form:
Interlobular Biliary Ducts
77
Interlobular Ducts merge to form:
Bile Ducts
78
Bile Ducts merge to form:
Right and Left Hepatic Ducts
79
Left and Right Hepatic Ducts merge to form:
Common Hepatic Duct
80
Common Hepatic Duct
- Located near the Porta Hepatis - Combines the bile from the right and left hepatic ducts from the right and left liver lobes
81
Bile Duct (Common Bile Duct)
- Created by the fusion of the common hepatic duct from the liver and the cystic duct from the gallbladder - Runs within the Hepatoduodenal Ligament (Lesser Omentum) to reach the posterior Duodenum
82
The common bile duct passes posterior to the ___ of the _____ and comes together with the ___ ___ ___ to form the ____ ____
- Head of the Pancreas - Main Pancreatic Duct - Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
83
The sphincter of the bile duct controls the:
Release of bile into the ampulla
84
Major Duodenal Papilla and its sphincter allow the release of bile and pancreatic secretions into the ____ part of the ___
Descending part of the Duodenum
85
Spermatic Cord
- Bundle of muscle fibers and neurovascular structures that exit the body through the inguinal canal - Runs from the deep inguinal ring through the inguinal canal and exits the superficial ring - Supports the tested and epididymis that are located outside the body within the scrotum
86
Structures found within the Spermatic Cord:
- Ductus Deferens - Testicular A - Pampiniform Venous Plexus - Cremasteric A - Genital Branch of the Genitofemoral N - Autonomic N Fibers - Lymphatic Vessels
87
Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
- Muscular tube that runs from the epididymis to the ampulla of the ductus deferens that is posterior to the urinary bladder - Conveys sperm made in the testis inside the body for ejaculation
88
Artery of the Ductus Deferens
- Branch off the inferior vesical artery (anterior division of the internal iliac after the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta) - Supplies the ductus deferens
89
Testicular Artery
- Vessel that branches from the abdominal aorta near the inferior mesenteric artery - Runs through the spermatic cord to supply the testis and the epididymis
90
Pampiniform Venous Plexus
- Network of veins within the spermatic cord that help with heat maintenance (counter-current heat exchange) - Veins converge near the exit of the deep inguinal ring to form the testicular vein
91
Cremasteric Artery
- Branch off the inferior epigastric artery (branch off the external iliac artery just superior to the inguinal ligament) - Supplies the cremaster muscle
92
Cremaster Muscle
- Created by muscle from internal oblique muscle - Helps thermoregulate testis by rasising and lowering testis - Innervated by genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
93
Genital Branch of Genitofemoral Artery
- Innervates the cremaster muscle found within the walls surrounding the spermatic cord - Branch of the genitofemoral N (part of the lumbar plexus)
94
Autonomic Nerve Fibers of the Spermatic Cord
- These fibers use the ductus deferens and arteries to provide a path to travel through the spermatic cord - Provide innervation to the structures within the scrotum
95
Lymphatic Vessels of the Spermatic Cord
- Provide drainage to the associated structures of the spermatic cord and testis - Leave and pass to the lumbar lymph nodes for processing (found near the abdominal aorta)
96
Scrotum drains into the:
Inguinal Lymph Nodes
97
6 Layers of Abdominal Wall present in the path of the Testes before Descent: Superficial --> Deep
(1) Skin (2) Scarpa's Fascia (3) External Abdominal Oblique M & Aponeurosis (4) Internal Abdominal Oblique M & Aponeurosis (5) Transversalis Fascia (6) Peritoneum
98
Layers Surrounding Testis and Spermatic Cord After Descent: Superficial --> Deep
(1) Skin (2) Dartos Fascia & Muscle (3) External Spermatic Fascia (4) Cremaster Muscle & Fascia (5) Internal Spermatic Fascia (6) Tunica Vaginalis
99
Dartos Fascia
Extension of Scarpa's fascia from the abdomen
100
In men, Dartos Muscle (smooth muscle) aids in:
Thermoregulation of the testes by wrinkling scrotal skin when cold
101
In women, Camper's Fascia joins with ____ Fascia in helping to create the ___ ___
- Scarpa's - Labia Majora
102
External Spermatic Fascia is created from the ___ ____ ___ ___
External Oblique Muscle Aponeurosis
103
Cremaster Fascia is created by muscle fibers from the ____ _____ muscle & aponeurosis
Internal Oblique
104
Cremaster Muscle is innervated by:
Genital Branch of the Genitofemoral N
105
Cremaster Muscle: Function
Helps regulate the testis temperature by raising and lowering the testis
106
Internal Spermatic Fascia
- The Transversalis Fascia that is brought with the testes - Immediately surrounds the contents of the Spermatic Cord
107
Tunica Vaginalis
- Remnants of the process vaginalis - Made of the peritonuem - Serous Membrane, so has a visceral and parietal layer that surrounds the testis and epididymis - Majority of this layer is found in the scrotum
108
In the Spermatic Cord, the Transversalis Fascia becomes the:
Internal Spermatic Fascia
109
In the Spermatic Cord, the Internal Oblique Muscle/Aponeurosis becomes the:
Cremaster Muscle & Fascia
110
In the Spermatic Cord, the External Oblique Muscle/Aponeurosis becomes the:
External Spermatic Fascia
111
Movement of the gonads in the female is driven by ___, ____, and ___ during development
- Hormones - Timing - Signaling
112
Round Ligament of the Uterus is the remnant of the:
Gubernaculum
113
Round Ligament of the Uterus
- Runs from the uterus inside the pelvic cavity through the deep and superficial inguinal rings - Anchors into the labia majora
114
Genital Branch of the Genitofemoral Nerve: Females
Provides sensory innervation to the labia majora and mons pubis
115
Ilioinguinal Nerve: Females
- Joins the rest of the inguinal canal structures pathway through the canal - Provides sensory innervation to the medial thigh and perineum
116
Structures found in the Female Inguinal Canal:
- Round Ligament of the Uterus - Genital Branch of the Genitofemoral N - Ilioinguinal N

GIGU Exam 1 (14 decks)

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