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GIGU Exam 1 > Histology of the Small & Large Intestines > Flashcards

Histology of the Small & Large Intestines Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Organ that is the principal site for digestion of food and absorption of digestion products:

A

Small Intestine

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2
Q

Plicae Circulares

A
  • Transverse folds with a submucosal core
  • Cannot lay flat if distended
  • Visible in jejunum, less so in ileum
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3
Q

Intestinal Villi

A
  • Mucosal folds that project into the lumen
  • Cover the surface of the small intestine
  • Covered with a simple columnar epithelium of enterocytes and goblet cells
  • Core of loose connective tissue with microvasculature and lacteal
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4
Q

Villi are covered with ___ which further increases surface area

A

Microvilli

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5
Q

Goblet Cells

A
  • Located in Intestinal Villi
  • Provide mucus coating to shield from abrasion and bacterial invasion
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6
Q

Small Intestine: Mucosa

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium with tubular intestinal glands
  • Contain Lamina Propria layer and Muscularis Mucosae layer
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7
Q

Small Intestine: Submucosa

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Neurovasculature, lymphatics and glands may be present
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8
Q

Small Intestine: Muscularis

A

Consists of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

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9
Q

Small Intestine: Serosa

A

Loose connective tissue covered by visceral peritoneum

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10
Q

Small Intestine: Adventitia

A

Covers retroperitoneal segments

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11
Q

Motility of small and large intestines is controlled by:

A

ANS

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12
Q

Components of Enteric Nervous System:

A
  • Sympathetic visceral sensory fibers
  • Parasympathetic (terminal) ganglia
  • Preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetics
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13
Q

Enteric Nervous System is regulated by:

A

Extrinsics –> Preganglionic parasympathetics (vagus and pelvic nerves) and postganglionic sympathetics

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14
Q

Intestinal Glands

A
  • Simple tubular glands lined by simple columnar epithelium
  • Open onto the luminal surface of the intestine at the base of the villi
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15
Q

4 Types of Cells found in Small Intestinal Glands:

A

(1) Paneth Cells
(2) M (microfold) Cells
(3) Intestinal Cells
(4) Enteroendocrine Cells

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16
Q

Intestinal Glands are continuous with:

A

Simple columnar that covers intestinal villi

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17
Q

Paneth Cells: Location

A

Base of intestinal glands

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18
Q

Paneth Cells

A
  • Large, pyramidal-shaped cells at the base of intestinal glands
  • Eosinophilic secretory granules in apical cytoplasm
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19
Q

Paneth Cells: Function

A
  • Functions in innate immunity by secreting antimicrobial substances (lysozyme, alpha defensins)
  • Regulate normal bacterial flora via antibacterial action and phagocytosis
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20
Q

Intestinal Stem Cells

A
  • Located in a niche at crypt base, near Paneth Cells
  • Function in repopulating epithelial lining
  • Daughter cells move out of the crypts then they are able to differentiate into different cell types
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21
Q

Intestinal Stem Cells can Differentiate into:

A
  • Goblet Cells
  • Enterocytes
  • Enteroendocrine Cells
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22
Q

M (Microfold) Cells

A
  • Epithelial cells specialized for transepithelial transport of particles and microorganisms
  • Pocket formed by deeply invaginated membrane; contain lymphocytes and macrophages
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23
Q

M (Microfold) Cells: Location

A

Ileal mucosa, overlying Peyer Patches (lymphatic nodules in specific segments of the SI)

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24
Q

M (Microfold) Cells: Apical Surface

A
  • Expresses receptors that bind specific macromolecules and Gram-negative bacteria (ex. E Coli)
  • Internalized and transferred to immune cells
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25
M (Microfold) Cells function as highly specialized:
Antigen-Transporting Cells
26
Gastroduodenal Junction: Pyloris of Stomach
- Thick wall due to the presence of the pyloric sphincter muscle - Pyloric glands at the base of each gastric pit
27
Gastroduodenal Junction: Duodenum
- Abundant duodenal glands in submucosa, DEEP to the muscularis mucosae - Secretory mucosa with villi
28
Duodenum: Mucosal Layer
Simple columnar epithelia with scattered goblet cells
29
Duodenum: Submucosal Layer
- Duodenal Glands: tubuloacinar mucous glands that produce an alkaline secretion - Neutralizes acidic chyme
30
Jejunum: Mucosal Layer
- Simple columnar epithelia with scattered goblet cells - Long, finger-like villi, villus core contains a well-developed lacteal - Tubular intestinal glands - Lymphoid nodules/follicles in the lamina propria
31
Jejunum: Submucosal Layer
No submucosal glands
32
Ileum: Mucosal Layer
- Simple columnar epithelia with scattered goblet cells - Villi typically shorter than jejunum - Peyer's Patches: lymphoid nodules (MALT) - Paneth cells found at base of intestinal glands
33
Ileum: Submucosal Layers
No submucosal glands
34
Functions of Large Intestine
- Absorbs water, sodium, vitamins and minerals - Uptake of sedatives, anesthetics and steroids occurs here
35
Hallmarks of Large Intestine
- Intestinal glands - Goblet cells - NO intestinal villi!!
36
Large Intestine: Mucosal Layer
- Glandular, simple columnar epithelium - Lamina Propria and muscularis mucosae are present - GALT is extensive and may penetrate submucosa
37
Cells of the Mucosal Layer of the Large Intestine:
- Colonocytes - Goblet Cells - Stem Cells - Enteroendocrine Cells
38
Large Intestine: Submucosal Layer
- Dense irregular connective tissue - Vascularized
39
Large Intestine: Muscularis Layer
- Inner layer is typical - Outer longitudinal layer organized into Taenia Coli (will form haustra of LI)
40
Taenia Coli
- Aggregates of fascicles of the outer longitudinal layer - Form three spaced bands
41
Intraperitoneal portions of the colon are covered by:
Serosa
42
Colon Histology: Glands
Consist of simple columnar epithelium with NUMEROUS Goblet Cells
43
Colonocytes
- Located in Large Intestine - Have short microvilli and dilated intercellular spaces with interdigitating leaflets of cell membrane (sign of active water transport)
44
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease)
- Occurs due to mutations of the RET gene, leading to failure of NCC development in both plexuses of a bowel segment - Present in 1 in 5,000 live births
45
RET Gene
Required for migration and differentiation of NCC
46
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Short-Segment Disease
- 85% of cases - Confined to rectosigmoid region
47
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Long-Segment Disease
- 10% of cases - Extends past rectosigmoid region to the splenic flexure
48
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Total Colonic Aganglionosis
- 5% of cases - Affects entire colon
49
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Presentation
- Constipation - Poor-feeding - Progressive abdominal distention
50
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Diagnosis
- Delayed BM <48hrs after birth - Rectal biopsy - Barium enema
51
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Treatment
Surgical removal of the affected colon segment
52
Rectum Proper
- Upper part of rectum - Typical mucosa with tubular intestinal glands and transverse rectal folds
53
Anal Canal
- Lower part of rectum - Contains anal columns with mucosal folds, anal sinuses, and anal glands (extend into the submucosa and muscularis externa)
54
Anal Sinuses
Depressions between anal columns
55
Circumanal Glands
- Located in the rectum - Large apocrine glands surround the anal orifice
56
3 Features of the Anal Canal:
(1) Anal Columns (2) Anal Sinuses (3) Anal Glands
57
3 Regions of Anal Canal:
(1) Colorectal Zone (2) Anal Transition Zone (ATZ) (3) Squamous Zone
58
Anal Canal: Colorectal Zone
- Upper 1/3 of anal canal - Simple columnar epithelium that is identical to the rectum
59
Anal Canal: Anal Transitional Zone
Transition from simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium of perianal skin
60
Anal Canal: Squamous Zone
- Lower 1/3 of anal canal - Stratified squamous epithelium that is continuous with perineal skin
61
Internal Anal Sphincter
Thickening of the inner circular layer located at the level of the anus
62
Retroperitoneal Organs
- Partly covered on one side with parietal peritoneum - Immobile or fixed - Divided into primary and secondary classifications
63
Primary Retroperitoneal Organs
Never had mesentery
64
Secondary Retroperitoneal Organs
Lost their mesentery during development
65
Retroperitoneal Organs/Structures:
SAD PUCKER - Suprarenal glands - Aorta/ivc - Duodenum (except first part) - Pancreas (except tail) - Ureters - Colon (ascending, descending) and cysterna chyli - Kidneys - Esophagus (anterior, left covered) - Rectum (upper part)
66
Primary Retroperitoneal Organs/Structures:
- Kidneys - Adrenal glands - Ureters - Aorta - IVC - Rectum
67
Secondary Retroperitoneal Organs/Structures:
- Duodenum (descending, horizontal) - Pancreas (head, neck, body) - Ascending colon - Descending colon

GIGU Exam 1 (14 decks)

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