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GIGU Exam 1 > Histology of the Accessory Organs of the GI Tract > Flashcards

Histology of the Accessory Organs of the GI Tract Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of Digestive Glands:

A
  • Lubrication
  • Protection
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
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2
Q

3 Main Digestive Glands:

A

(1) Major Salivary Glands
(2) Exocrine Pancreas
(3) Liver

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3
Q

Digestive Gland: Major Salivary Glands

A

Associated with the oral cavity through independent excretory ducts

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4
Q

Digestive Gland: Exocrine Pancreas

A

Secretes its alkaline aqueous and enzymatic product into the duodenum

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5
Q

Digestive Gland: Liver

A

Endocrine and exocrine gland with extensive access to the blood circulation

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6
Q

Salivary Glands

A
  • Connective tissue capsule with septa, dividing the gland into lobes and smaller lobules – provides route for neurovasculature
  • Contains secretory cells and myoepithelial cells
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7
Q

Salivary Glands: Secretory Cells

A
  • Organized in an acinus
  • Produce salvia via ANS control
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8
Q

Salivary Glands: Myoepithelial Cells

A

Aid in release of secretions

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9
Q

Pathway of Saliva Flow:

A

(1) Acinus
(2) Intercalated Duct (low cuboidal epithelium)
(3) Striated Duct (simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium)
(4) Excretory Duct (simple cuboidal –> pseudostratified columnar or stratified cuboidal)

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10
Q

What is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid Gland

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11
Q

Parotid (Serous) Gland

A
  • Salivary gland
  • Acini consist of serous secretory cells
  • Pyramidal cells with a basally located nucleus
  • Prominent RER in basal region
  • Secretory granules visible in apical region
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12
Q

Parotid Gland: Duct Lengths

A

Equal lengths of excretory, striated, and intercalated ducts

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13
Q

Sublingual Gland

A
  • Branched tubule-alveolar gland
  • Acini consists of both serous and mucous cells, but is predominantly mucous
  • Lacks defined capsule but is divided by connective tissue into small lobes
  • Intercalated and striated ducts are poorly developed
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14
Q

Sublingual Gland: Duct Lengths

A

Ducts vary in length; Excretory Duct is longest and Striated Duct is shortest

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15
Q

Submandibular Gland

A
  • Acini consists of both serous and mucous cells, but predominantly serous cells
  • Mucous cell-containing acini are capped by serous demilunes
  • Intercalated ducts are shorter and striated ducts are longer than those in parotid gland
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16
Q

Submandibular Gland: Duct Lengths

A

Ducts vary in length; Excretory Duct is longest and Intercalated Duct is shortest

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17
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Large gland with endocrine and exocrine functions, but bulk of gland is exocrine
  • Thin layer of connective tissue forms capsule
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18
Q

Pancreas: Capsule

A
  • Thin layer of loose connective tissue
  • Divides gland into ill-defined lobules
  • Provides pathway for neurovasculature and ducts
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19
Q

Pancreas: Exocrine Component

A

Synthesizes and secretes enzymes that are essential for digestion in the intestine

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20
Q

Pancreas: Endocrine Component

A

Synthesizes and secretes hormones (insulin and glucagon) into the blood – regulate glucose, lipid and protein metabolism

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21
Q

Exocrine Pancreas: Serous Acinus

A
  • Functional unit of exocrine pancreas
  • Contains Pancreatic Acinar Cells (produce digestive enzymes)
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22
Q

In the exocrine pancreas, the intercalated duct begins as:

A

Centroacinar cells within the acinus

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23
Q

Centroacinar Cells

A
  • Duct cells located in the center of the pancreatic acinus
  • Continuous with the low cuboidal epithelium of intercalated duct
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24
Q

Centroacinar Cells secrete:

A

HCO3-, Na+, H2O

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25
Histological Hallmarks of Exocrine Pancreas:
- Acinar cells stain intensely - Centroacinar cells stain lightly - Islets are pink
26
Pancreatic Acinar Cell is Characterized by:
- Well-developed RER - Prominent Golgi apparatus - Apical domain of zymogen granules
27
Zymogen Granules in the Pancreatic Acinar Cell
Contain about 20 different pancreatic proenzymes including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, amylolytic enzymes (alpha amylase), lipases, deoxyribonuclease, and ribonuclease
28
Role of Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsinogen:
Digest proteins
29
Role of Amylolytic Enzymes (alpha amylase):
Digest carbohydrates
30
Role of Lipases:
Digest lipids
31
Role of Deoxyribonuclease and Ribonuclease:
Digest nucleic acids
32
Pancreatic Acinar Cells increase synthesis of Proteases with a ___-___ diet
Protein-rich
33
Pancreatic Acinar Cells increases synthesis of Amylases and decrease synthesis of proteases with ____-___ diet
Carbohydrate-rich
34
Pancreatic endocrine cells are organized into clusters called:
Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)
35
Cells of the Endocrine Pancreas:
- Alpha Cells - Beta Cells - Delta Cells - F-Cells
36
Histology Hallmarks of Endocrine Pancreas
- Acinar cells stain intensely - Centroacinar cells stain lightly - Islets are pink
37
Intercalated Duct
Continuation of the centroacinar cells into the connective tissue stroma
38
Endocrine Pancreas: Alpha Cells
Secrete Glucagon
39
Endocrine Pancreas: Beta Cells
Secrete Insulin
40
Endocrine Pancreas: Delta Cells
Secrete Somatostatin
41
Endocrine Pancreas: F-Cells
Secrete pancreatic polypeptide
42
Liver: Capsule
- Enclosed in thin connective capsule lined with mesothelium of visceral peritoneum - Lacking where directly adheres to diaphragm/other organs
43
Hepatocytes
- Function in metabolism, storage, and bile production - Large polygonal shaped cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and microvilli - Large spherical nuclei; many cells are binucleate, most are tetraploid - Contain numerous peroxisomes and lysosomes, extensive sER and large golgi - Cells are arranged in cellular 'cords'
44
Functional Units of the Liver
- Hepatic Lobule - Portal Lobule - Liver Acinus
45
Bile: Composition
Mixture of H2O, bile salts & pigments, phospholipids and electrolytes
46
Bile: Function
- Fat absorption - Excretion of cholesterol, bilirubin, iron, and copper
47
Bile drains into:
Bile Canaliculus
48
Bile Canaliculus
- Structure bile drains into - Interconnected channels formed by hepatocyte plates and tight junctions
49
Hepatic Lobule
- Hepatocytes form irregular plates radiating from a central vein - Plates are supported by stroma of reticular fibers and are separated by sinusoids
50
Peripheral angles of each hepatic lobule contain:
Portal Triad - Venule branch of the portal vein - Arteriole branch of the hepatic artery - Bile ductules (branches of bile conducting system)
51
Hepatic Lobule: Portal Triad - Branch of Portal Vein
- Supplies nutrients and low O2 to hepatocytes - Drains into central vein
52
Hepatic Lobule: Portal Triad - Arteriole Branch of Hepatic Artery
- Supplies O2 to hepatocytes - Drains into central vein
53
Hepatic Lobule: Portal Triad - Bile Ductules
- Branches of bile conducting system - Bile travels away from the central vein
54
Blood and Bile flow in ___ directions
Opposite
55
Bile flows from center of the lobule to the periphery end near Portal Triads:
(1) Bile Canaliculi (2) Canals of Hering (3) Bile Ductules (4) Bile Ductules merge & enlarge (5) Right and Left Hepatic Ducts
56
Canals of Hering
Composed of Cholangiocytes
57
Cholangiocytes
Cuboidal epithelial cells of bile ducts
58
Hepatic Sinusoids
Anastomosing capillaries that perfuse hepatocytes with portal and arterial blood
59
Kupffer Cells
- Stellate macrophages within endothelium of sinusoids - Larger than the endothelial cells - Detect and phagocytose effete (old and tired) erythrocytes
60
Distinguishing feature of Hepatic Sinusoids:
Kupffer Cells
61
Hepatic Stellate Cells (Ito Cells)
- Cells with small lipid droplets that store Vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins
62
Perisinusoidal Space
- Located between hepatocytes and the sinusoidal endothelium - Facilitates uptake/release of nutrients, proteins, and potential toxins - Creates a potential space for exchange of materials between blood and hepatocytes
63
Components of Perisinusoidal Space
- Microvilli project into space - Plasma fills space and directly bathes the mircovilli
64
Periportal Space
- Where excess fluid from the perisinusoidal space is collected; fluid is then drained by lymphatic vessels - Located at edges of canals between stromal connective tissue and hepatocytes - Ito cells found here
65
Portal Lobule: Organization
- Central axis is bile duct (portal triad) - Triangular block of tissue that outlines bile drainage pathway from adjacent lobules into same bile duct
66
Hepatic Acinus: Organization
- Diamond-shaped - Occupies parts of adjacent classic lobules - Hepatocytes are arranged in concentric zones around a short axis
67
Hepatic Acinus arrangement is based on:
O2 gradient along sinusoids of adjacent lobules
68
Hepatic Acinus: Cells in Each Zone
Different metabolic functions and distribution of hepatic enzymes; explains liver damage resulting from ischemia and/or exposure to toxic substances
69
Structure-Function Relationships of the Liver: Classic Lobule
- Emphasizes endocrine function of hepatocytes as blood flows toward the central vein - Drains blood from portal vein and hepatic artery to the hepatic or central vein
70
Structure-Function Relationships of the Liver: Portal Lobule
- Emphasizes hepatocytes' exocrine function and flow of bile from classic lobules towards bile duct in portal triad - Drains bile from hepatocytes to the bile duct
71
Structure-Function Relationships of the Liver: Hepatic Acinus
- Emphasizes different oxygen and nutrient contents of blood at different distances along the sinusoids - Supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes
72
Hepatic Acinus: Periportal Cells of Zone I
- Receive most oxygen and nutrients - Closest to Portal Vein and Hepatic Arteriole
73
Hepatic Acinus: Periportal Cells of Zone II
- Receive moderate oxygen and nutrients
74
Hepatic Acinus: Periportal Cells of Zone III
- Receive least oxygen and nutrients - Closest to Central Vein
75
Biliary Tree
- Consists of hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts - Lined with mucous membrane having a simple columnar epithelium of cholangiocytes - Many variations
76
Cystic Duct has some areas with:
Mucous Glands
77
All ducts of biliary tree have:
Thin Lamina Propria and Submucosa surrounded by a thin muscularis externa
78
Muscularis layer of biliary tree becomes thicker near the ____ and forms a sphincter that regulates ___ flow into the ___
- Duodenum - Bile - Duodenum
79
Gallbladder: Mucosal Layer
Highly folded mucosa lined with simple columnar epithelium of cholangiocytes with microvilli
80
Gallbladder: Lamina Propria
Sits deep to the mucousa
81
Gallbladder does that have ___ ____ or ___ layers
- Muscularis Mucosae - Submucosal
82
Gallbladder: Muscularis Externa
- Bundles of muscle fiber oriented in all directions - Facilitate emptying of the organ
83
Gallbladder: External Adventitia & Serosa
External Adventitia is against the liver but serosa is where the liver is exposed to the peritoneal cavity
84
Rokitansky-Aschoff Sinuses
Deep diverticula of mucosa that may extend through muscularis externa
85
Rokitansky-Aschoff Sinuses develop as a result of:
Hyperplasia and herniation of epithelial cells through the muscularis externa
86
Rokitansky-Aschoff Sinuses may experience bacteria accumulation which causes:
Chronic inflammation and increased risk for gallstones

GIGU Exam 1 (14 decks)

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