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Year 2 Semester 2 > Abnormal Week 5 > Flashcards

Abnormal Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

OCD is uniquely associated with what risk

A

mortality - natural and unnatural causes

suicide ideation and attempts

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2
Q

OCRD related disorder features

A

repetitive thoughts and behaviors and inability to resist impulses and urges

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3
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD

A

is a chronic disorder where the mind is flooded with persistent and uncontrollable thoughts (obsessions) and the individual is compelled to repeat certain acts again and again (compulsions), suffering significant distress and interference with everyday functioning

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4
Q

descriptive statistics of who OCD affects

A
  • affects women and men equally
  • can occur in children but typical onset is 20
  • developing OCD later in life is very rare
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5
Q

The obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

types

A

body dysmorphia
hoarding disorder
trichotillomania (hair pulling)
excoriation (skin picking)

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6
Q

what is a compulsion

A

a repetitive behaviour or mental act that a person feels driven to perform to reduce the distress caused by obsessive thoughts or to prevent some calamity from occurring
- typically done in order to decrease the anxiety associated with an obsession

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7
Q

three “multipliers” that increase the intensity and frequency of compulsive checking are:

A

1) sense of personal responsibility
2) probability of harm if checking does not take place
3) predicted seriousness of harm

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8
Q

behavioural accounts of compulsions consider them as _______

A

learned behaviours reinforced by fear reduction

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9
Q

in addition to reducing fear, what else can compulsion result from (based on behavioural accounts)

A

memory deficits in non-verbal communication

- harder to distinguished between an imaginary and actual behaviour

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10
Q

the ability to remember events and experiences

A

retrospective memory

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11
Q

the ability to look forward to remember at the right place or time to perform an intended action

A

prospective memory

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12
Q

difference between normal individuals and OCD individuals when it comes to unwanted thoughts

A

they both have them but the normal people can ignore or dismiss unwanted thoughts but individuals with OCD interpret these thoughts as having great concern and feel cpmplusions to counteract the unwanted thoughts

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13
Q

a cognitive theory of obsessions

A

unwanted intrusive thoughts are the roots of obsessions and that obesessions often involve catastropihic misinterpretations of the importance and significance of negative intrusive thoughts

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14
Q

Rachman’s thought-action fusion involves what two beliefs

A
  1. the mere act of thinking about unpleasent events increases the perceived likelhood that they will actually happen
  2. at a moral level, thinking something unpleasent is the same as actually having carried it out
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15
Q

the role of genetics in OCD

A

some evidence of genetic predisposition can effect people 9

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16
Q

brain activation in OCD patients

A

abnormal brain activation in early phase of OCD and long term persistence of OCD may result in the decline of cognitive function

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17
Q

enhanced activation of the ______ has been found in clients with OCD

A

basal ganglia

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18
Q

psychoanalystic theory of OCD

A

obsessions and compulsions are viewed as resulting from instinctual, sexual, or aggressive forces that are not under control becaus of overly harsh toilet training –> fixation at the anal stage

  • struggle between id and defence mechanisms
    ex: resit urge to soil and become compulsively neat, clean, and orderly
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19
Q

Albert Adler’s view on OCD

A

results from feelings of incompetence
- develop inferiority complex and may unconsciously adopt compulsive rituals in order to carve out a domain in which they exert control and can feel proficient

20
Q

most widely used and generally accepted behavioural approach to treating OCD is ________
- explain

A

exposure and response prevention (ERP)

  • behavioural approach
  • a person exposes himself to situations that elicit the compulsive act then refrains from performing the accustomed ritual
  • preventing the person from performing the ritual wil expose him to the anxiety provoking stimulus and thereby allow the anxiety to be extinguished
  • sessions can last over 90 minutes with 15-20 sessions within 3 weeks
21
Q

the success rate of exposure and response preventiong

A

the treatment is at least partially effective for more the 50% of OCD clients

22
Q

In a recent meta analsysis on OCD treatments, Roas-Alcazar et al. (2008), conlcuded that __________ is better than therapist-assisted self-guided exposure and in vivo exposure compbined and ___________ being superior to exposure in vivo alone

A

therapised-guided exposure is better than therapist-assisted self-guided exposure and invivo combined

exposure via imagination is superior to exposure in vivo alone

23
Q

cognitive approach to OCD treatment

- effectiveness

A

CBT –> need exposure and reponse prevention

  • focus on clients convictio that imaginary events may actuall come true
  • CBT effectiveness –> looks better than pharmacological treatment
24
Q

exercise for OCD?

A

phsyical exercide , in one study, helped clients better than CBT

25
Q

biological OCD treatment

A

SSRIs are useful finrst-line for treatments for OCD
- but up ton 50% of people with OCD do not respond to SSRI treatment

  • destroying 2-3 cm of white matter near corpus callosum - last resort
  • deep brain stimulation for severe OCD
26
Q

psychoanalytic approach to OCD treatment

A

lifing repression and allowing the client to confront what he or she (presumably) truly fears
- analytic clinicians mostly use analytic understanding more as a way to increase compliance with behaviour prodcedures

27
Q

hoarding disorder is diagnosed when

A

the person has difficulty discarding objects and the clutter has come to dominate his or her life; safety of themselves or others becomes an issue

28
Q

what distinguishes OCD and hoarding disorder in the DSM-5?

A

people with hoarding disorder are excited by their obsession with objects while people with OCD are distressed when they have an obsession with objects

29
Q

definition of hoarding disorder

A

the acquisition of and the failure to discard

30
Q

prevalence of hoarding disorder

A

2-5% of general populations …. twice as prevalence as OCD

31
Q

Hoarding vs collecting

A

collectors are more selective, collecting a narrower range of items. More likely to organize their collections and not have significant clutter associated wit hoarding disorder. Clutter does not significantly impair collectors lives

32
Q

factors that contribute to hoarding disorder

A

genetic

cognitive - faulty processing, meaning of possessions, misguided attachments

33
Q

treatment of hoarding disorders include

A

pharma –> SSNRIs

CBT –> similar to OCD and anxiety disorders

34
Q

when is it easier to treat hoarding disorder

A

when the person is young

35
Q

definition of body dysmorphic disorder

A

a person is preoccupied with an imagined or exaggerated defect In appearance, frequently in the face

36
Q

BBD
prevalence in gender
comorbidity
curable

A

women more than men
very co morbid
usually chronic
1 in 5 patients achieve full remission but have a high relapse probability

37
Q

Brain volume in BDD vs healthy individuals

A

BBD had lower brain volumes in right orbitofrontal cortex and left anterior cingulate cortex

38
Q

treatments of body dysmorphic disorder

A

CBT

Medication-SSRIs

39
Q

the main feature of ______ is hair pulling

A

trichotillomania

40
Q

trichotillomania onset

  • prevalence in gender
  • general prevalence
A

adolescence - related to body image;
boys and girls represented equally- but in adults, women is more common
- prevalence 1-2%
- high comorbidity

41
Q

the main feature of ____ is skin-picking

A

excoriation

42
Q

for a diagnosis of skin picking:

A

the skin picking behaviour must be chronic to the point of lesions on the skin

43
Q

excoriation often co occurs with ____

A

body dysmorphic disorder

44
Q

have Excoriation and trichotillomania been influenced by the same genetic factors as OCD, hoarding disorder and BDD

A

no

45
Q

the two models on what triggers body focused repetitive behaviours

A

a) emotion regulation but decreasing negative emotions

b) frustration action model - triggered by frustration and boredom

46
Q

what is habit reversal training and what does it treat

A

a behavioural approach to treating body-focused repetitive behaviour disorders; identification of triggers and competing Reponses
- self monitoring, awareness training and identification of competing responses are commonly used components

47
Q

does CBT work to treat body focused repetitive behaviours

A

yes

Year 2 Semester 2 (18 decks)

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