Systems Neuroscience: Neuroanatomy

Question 1

anatomical reference for the part of the brain closest to the forehead

Answer 1

Anterior or rostral

Question 2

anatomical reference for the part of the brain closest to back of head

Answer 2

posterior or caudal

Question 3

anatomical reference for the part of the brain closest to the ground

Answer 3

ventral

Question 4

a body part has ______________ when there is a mirror image on the right/left side of the opposite side

Answer 4

Bilateral symmetry

Question 5

_____ is the invisible line running up and down the nervous system

Answer 5

midline

Question 6

______ is the term for the position of a structure closer to the body’s midline

Answer 6

medial

Question 7

_____ is the term for the position of a structure when it is farther from the body’s midline

Answer 7

lateral

Question 8

______ is a term referring to two structures, in relation to one another, on the same side of the body’s midline

Answer 8

ipsilateral

Question 9

is a term referring to two structures, in relation to one another, on opposite sides of the body’s midline

Answer 9

contralteral

Question 10

_____ :the plane that splits the brain into equal right and left sections

Answer 10

midsagittal plane

Question 11

___: plane of brain that sections parallel to the midsagittal plane; doesn’t split brain equally in half

Answer 11

sagittal plane

Question 12

________: the plane of the brain horizontal to the ground

Answer 12

horizontal plane

Question 13

__________: the plane of the brain perpendicular to the ground and to the sagittal plane

Answer 13

coronal plane

Question 14

the structure that houses DNA

Answer 14

nucleus

Question 15

_____: collection of neurons in the CNS

Answer 15

nucleus

Question 16

_______: a collection of neurons in the PNS

Answer 16

ganglion

Question 17

______: a bundle of axons in the CNS

Answer 17

tract

Question 18

______: a bundle of axons in the PNS

Answer 18

nerve

Question 19

largest part of the brain, split into two hemispheres that receive movements and sensations from the opposite side of the body

Answer 19

cerebrum

Question 20

lies behind the cerebrum; primarily controls movement; left side concerned with body’s left side, right side concerned with body’s right side

Answer 20

cerebellum

Question 21

relays information from cerebrum to spinal cord and vice versa

Answer 21

brain stem

Question 22

encased in bony vertebral column, attached to brainstem; carries from skin joints and muscles to brain and vice versa

Answer 22

spinal cord

Question 23

_____ attach to the spinal cord by the dorsal and ventral root

Answer 23

spinal nerves

Question 24

_____ root carries signals into the spinal cord

Answer 24

dorsal root

Question 25

_____ root carries signals away from the spinal cord

Answer 25

ventral root

Question 26

_____ consists of innervate skin, joints, muscles under voluntary control

Answer 26

the somatic PNS

Question 27

_____ consists of internal organs, blood vessels and glands under involuntary control

Answer 27

the Visceral PNS or the autonomic NS

Question 28

________: "carry to" usually referring to the CNS

Answer 28

afferent axons

Question 29

________: "carry from" usually referring to the CNS

Answer 29

efferent axons

Question 30

______ arise from the brain stem and innervate the head; 12 pairs; usually contain mix of axons with different functions

Answer 30

cranial nerves

Question 31

_____: Three membranes (the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater) that form a protective covering over the CNS so it does not come in direct contact with overlying bones (skull and vertebral column)

Answer 31

the meninges

Question 32

_____: the outermost layer of the meninges; leather like consistency that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

Answer 32

the dura mater

Question 33

_______: the middle-most layer of the meninges; resembles a spider web

Answer 33

arachnoid membrane

Question 34

_______: innermost layer of meninges; thin membrane adhering closely to brain surface

Answer 34

pia mater

Question 35

is there normally space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane? what about the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater? The pia mater and the brain?

Answer 35

Normally: - no space between dura mater/ arachnoid - subarachnoid space filled with CSF between arachnoid and pia mater - very little space between pia mater and brain; it adheres closely to brain

Question 36

what happens if blood vessels going through dura mater rupture

Answer 36

blood can collect between dura mater and arachnoid where there is normally no space forming a subdural hematoma which can compress the CNS

Question 37

Does anything happen to the CSF in the subarachnoid space?

Answer 37

it is absorbed by blood vessels at the arachnoid villi; this is necessary, if its disrupted brain damage can occur

Question 38

______ is produced by the tissue choroid plexus which is located in the ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 38

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 39

pathway/ flow of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 39

flows from paired ventricles of cerebrum to the connected central cavities at core of brain stem. CSF exits the ventricular system and enters the subarachnoid space through small openings where cerebellum attaches to the brain stem

Question 40

what is the ventricular system composed of

Answer 40

the cerebrospinal fluid-filled spaces in the brain

Question 41

the ______ method of visualizing brain without sectioning it; soak brain in solutions that replaces light absorbing lipids and turns brain transparent while neurons turn fluorescent

Answer 41

CLARITY method

Question 42

generates image of a slice of the brain by taking x-ray around head within plane of cross section

Answer 42

computer tomography (CT)

Question 43

__________: more detailed than CT, images of brain in any desired plane; uses electromagnetic info coming from hydrogen atoms in response to a strong magnetic field

Answer 43

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 44

_______: enables visualization of axon bundles by measuring the diffusion of water based on hydrogen atoms in water molecules at discrete time intervals

Answer 44

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Question 45

________: detect changes in blood flow and metabolism by detecting injected glucose or radioactive oxygen

Answer 45

positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 46

_______: detect changes in blood flow and metabolism but detecting blood oxygen; shows where brain activity occurs

Answer 46

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)