Abnormals For Final Exam

Question 1

Barrel Chest

Answer 1

Equal Anterior to transverse diameter and the ribs are horizontal instead of the normal downward slope.

Associated with normal aging and also with chronic asthma and emphysema as a result of hyper inflation of the lungs

Question 2

Pectus Excavatum

Answer 2

A sunken in sternum from the 2nd intercostal space to the junction of the xyphoid.

Is congenital. Can cause negative self concept.

Question 3

Pectus Carinatum

Answer 3

A forward protrusion of the sternum with the ribs sloping back on either side.

Question 4

Scoliosis

Answer 4

S shaped curvature in the thoracic and lumbar spine. Causes uneven shoulder and scapular height as well as unequal hip levels.

Question 5

Kyphosis

Answer 5

A posterior curve of the thoracic spine (humpback) that causes pain and limited mobility.

Associated with aging. Tincher said found in teens as well.

Question 6

Sigh

Answer 6

Occasional Sighs punctuate the normal breathing pattern and are purposeful to expand the alveoli. Frequent sighs my indicate emotional disfunction and can also lead to hypoventilation and dizziness

Question 7

Tachypnea

Answer 7

Rapid shallow breathing. Increased rate greater than 24 per min.

Normal response to fever, fear, or exercise.

Rate can also increase with Pneumonia, alkalosis, pleurisy, and lesions in the pons.

Question 8

Bradypnea

Answer 8

Slow breathing. A decreased but regular rate of less than 10 per min.

Can be caused by drug induced depression of the respiratory center in the medulla, increased intracranial pressure, and diabetic coma.

Question 9

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

Answer 9

A cycle of respirations the gradually wax and wane in the regular pattern increasing the rate and depth and then decreasing. The breathing periods last from 30-45 seconds and then have periods of apnea for 20 seconds.

The most common cause is severe heart failure. Other causes are renal failure, meningitis, drug overdose, and increased intracranial pressure.

Occurs normally in infants and older adults during sleep.

Question 10

Hyperventilation

Answer 10

Increase in both rate and depth. Normally occurs with extreme exertion or anxiety.

Occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis (kussmal respirations) hepatic coma.

Blows of C02 causing a decreased level in the blood.

Question 11

Hypoventilation

Answer 11

An irregular shallow pattern caused by an overdose of narcotics or anesthetics. May happen with prolonged bed rest. Keeps in C02.

Question 12

Chronic Obstructive Breathing

Answer 12

Person does not have time to fully expire. Causes air trapping… Due to increased airway resistance from chronic obstructive airway diseases.

Question 13

Crackles

Answer 13

fine high pitched

Question 14

Rhonchi

Answer 14

Coarse low pitched

Question 15

Wheeze

Answer 15

whistling high pitched

Question 16

Atelectasis

Answer 16

Collapsed lung.

Question 17

Lobar Pneumonia

Answer 17

Infection that affects the alveoli by leaving them porous so that blood passes in and fills up lungs.

Produces crackles

Question 18

Bronchitis

Answer 18

Effects the Broncholes.

Proliferation of the mucous glands in the passage ways resulting in excessive mucous secretions…causes inflammation and obstruction of the bronchi.

can be acute or chronic (chronic caused by smoking, cough greater than 2 years)

usually has productive cough

Can have crackles or wheeze

Question 19

Emphysema

Answer 19

Stretched out alveoli (soggy boggy) loss of elastin and collagen caused by smoking

may have wheeze

Question 20

Asthma

Answer 20

Bronchiole Spasm.

Hypersensitivity to pollen or irritants.

Increased airway resistance especially on expiration. Produces wheezes bilaterally

Question 21

Pleural Effusion

Answer 21

Can be caused by cancers.

Is excess fluid in the intrapleural space with compression of overlying lung tissue.

Causes the leather sound. (rub, scratchy high pitched)

Question 22

Heart Failure and lung sounds

Answer 22

Pump failure with increasing pressure of cardiac overload causes pulmonary congestion and increase amount of blood present in the pulmonary capillaries. Alveoli are deflated. Pulmonary capillaries are engorged. Bronchial mucosa may be swollen.

Produces crackles at the lung bases, and shortness of breath,

Question 23

Pneumothorax

Answer 23

Caused by accident or trauma. Free air in the pleural space causes partial or full lung collapse.

Question 24

Pulmonary Embolism

Answer 24

Starts in the legs, detaches and travels through the venous system to the lungs and lodges. (blood clot in the lungs)

Causes crackles, wheezes, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and hypotension.

Question 25

Weak thready pulse

Answer 25

+1 hard to palpate, fades in and out associated with decreased cardiac output, peripheral arteriole disease, and aortic valve stenosis

Question 26

Full bounding pulse

Answer 26

+3 easy to palpate, pounds under your fingertips associated with hyperkinetic states (exercise, fever, anxiety) anemia and hyperthyroidism

Question 27

Raynaud's Phenomenon

Answer 27

Episodes of abrupt, progressive tricolor changes in the fingers in response to cold, vibration, or stress: 1. White from arteriospasm and resulting from deficit in supply 2. cyanosis from lack of bloodflow then 3. rubor from return of blood.

Question 28

Lymphedema

Answer 28

is a high protein swelling of a limb most commonly due to breast cancer treatment.

Question 29

Chronic arteriole symptoms

Answer 29

deep muscle pain, usually in calf, but may be in lower leg or dorsum of the foot. feels like cramp relieved with rest at risk- people that smoke, have hypertension, diabetes, obesity

Question 30

Chronic Venous Symptoms

Answer 30

found in calf and lower leg aching, tiredness, feeling of fullness from prolonged standing and sitting not relieved by rest at risk- obesity, standing or sitting at work, pregnancy, heart failure

Question 31

Arteriole- Ischemic ulcer

Answer 31

Shining- Buildup of fatty plaques on intima (atherosclerosis) plus hardening and calcification of arterial wall (arteriosclerosis). These ulcers are dry in nature diabetes can cause these ulvers

Question 32

Venous stasis ulcer

Answer 32

after acute deep vein thrombosis or incompetent valves in deep veins, causes increased venous pressure and brown pigmentation. These ulcers are very weepy in nature.

Question 33

superficial varicose veins

Answer 33

incompetent valves permit reflux of blood, producing dilated, tortuous veins. unremitting hydrostatic pressure causes distal valves to be incompetent and causes worsening of the varicosty

Question 34

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 34

Deep vein is occluded by a thrombus, causes inflammation, blocked venous return, cyanosis, and edema

Question 35

Occlusions

Answer 35

Occlusions in the arteries are caused by atherosclerosis which is the chronic gradual buildup of plaque, calcification of the vessel wall, and thrombus formation. risk factors- smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle.

Question 36

Aneurysms

Answer 36

an aneurysm is a sac formed by dilation in the artery wall. Atherosclerosis weakens the middle layer of the vessel wall. This stretches the inner and outer layers and the effect of blood pressure creates a ballon like enlargement. The most common site is the aorta Risk factors- men older than 55 women over 70

Question 37

Obesity

Answer 37

Uniformly round. Umbilicus suncken. tympany sounds

Question 38

Ascites

Answer 38

Single curve. Everted umbilicus. Bulging flanks when supine. Increase in abdominal girth dull and tympany sounds

Question 39

hypoactive bowel sounds

Answer 39

diminished or absent bowel sounds

Question 40

Hyperactive bowel sounds

Answer 40

loud gurgling bowel sounds

Question 41

Nocieptive Pain | somatic-Visceral

Answer 41

Somatic- dull, aching, localized, nocternal Ex- postoperative pain, bone pain, arthritis, sports injury, back pain Visceral- Deep squeezing Pressure, Localized tenderness and reffered, not localized EX- Liver metastases, Pancreatic cancer

Question 42

Neuropathic pain

Answer 42

Nerve pain-

Question 43

Cancer Pain-

Answer 43

Dependant on underlying pathology

Question 44

Reflexes

Answer 44

travel to spinal cord and back

Question 45

Obesity-

Answer 45

due to caloric excess refers to weight more than 20% above ideal body weight or BMI of 30-39.

Question 46

Maramus-

Answer 46

Protein calorie malnutrition- due to inadequate intake of protein and calories or prolonged starvation.

Question 47

Kwashiorkor

Answer 47

Protein malnutrition- due to diets high in calories but low in protein. will have a big belly but not healthy

Question 48

What lab levels are checked for malnutrition?

Answer 48

Pre-Albumin | Albumin