Accessory Digestive Organs (Exam III) Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
TThe liver & pancreas are embryological outgrowths of the:
A
primitive gut
2
Q
The liver & pancreas function as:
A
accessory digestive organs
3
Q
Largest gland & internal organ
A
liver
4
Q
The liver is divided into four lobes:
A
left, right, caudate, quadrate
5
Q
The major functions of the liver:
- Detoxification of _______
- Metabolism & detoxification of ______
- Destruction of ______
- Recycling of ____ via synthesis & secretion of _____
- Synthesis of _____
- Miscellaneous ______
A
- metabolic waste
- drugs & toxins
- senescent RBCs
- Hb; bile
- plasma proteins
- metabolic functions
6
Q
The liver metabolic waste through the process of:
A
deamination of AAs –> urea
7
Q
What plasma proteins are synthesized by the liver (3):
A
clotting factors, albumin, lipoproteins
8
Q
The miscellaneous metabolic functions of the liver include (3):
A
glycogen synthesis
glycogen store
gluconeogenesis
9
Q
External surface of the liver is covered by a connective tissue capsule ca:lled the
A
Glisson’s capsule
10
Q
Monosaccharides and AAs from digestion enter the liver via:
A
hepatic portal vein
11
Q
responsible for carrying 75-80% of the blood to the liver
A
hepatic portal vein
12
Q
In addition to blood, the hepatic portal vein carries potentially toxic compounds absorbed from the diet to the liver to be:
A
conjugated or detoxified
13
Q
oxygenated blood is supplied to the via the ______
A
hepatic artery
14
Q
The hepatic artery is a branch of the:
A
celiac trunk
15
Q
Oxygenated blood to the liver by the hepatic artery - a branch of the celiac trunk —–>
A
portal arterioles in hepatic lobules
16
Q
______ carries on 20-25% of blood to the liver
A
portal arterioles
17
Q
what happens to the blood carried by the portal arterioles:
A
mixes with unoxygenated blood from portal vein to perfuse liver cells
18
Q
The liver ______ rich, but ____ poor environment
A
nutrient-rich
oxygen-poor
19
Q
In hepatic circulation the venouns drainage of lobules occurs via:
A
central venue –> hepatic vein
20
Q
liver cells
A
hepatocytes
21
Q
most hepatocytes are _____ but some are ___ &/or ___
A
diploid
polyploid &/or binucleate
22
Q
Hepatocytes contain large numbers of ____ & _____
A
cytoplasmic granules
storage products
23
Q
The cytoplasmic granules within the hepatocytes are from the:
A
RER & Lysosomal products
24
Q
Aging hepatocytes accumulate:
A
lipfuscin (brown pigment)
25
Individual hepatocytes are _____, arranged in ____ ______ paralleled by ________
polygonal
Anastomosing cords
venous sinusoids
26
Sinudsoids are lined by:
sinusoidal lining cells
27
Sinusoids are lined by sinusoidal lining cells, a ______ _____ with gaps between endothelial cells
discontinuous endothelium
28
Between sinusoidal lining cells & hepatocytes is the:
space of Disse
29
The space of Disse =
perisinusoidal space
30
The space of Disse occurs between:
sinusoidal lining cells & hepatocytes
31
The space of Disse is continuous with:
lymphatics
32
Hepatic cords & sinusoids are supported by:
reticulin fibers (Type III collagen)
33
Within sinusoids & space of Disse are phagocytic:
Kupffer cells (fixed macrophages)
34
Occasional _____ cells are are located between hepatocytes
Ito cells
35
Fat-storing cells containing lipid droplets used for vitamin A & D storage
Ito cells
36
Cords of hepatocytes are arranged in:
lobules
37
A classic lobules is based on:
blood flow
38
A classic lobule is roughly ___ with a central ____ located in the middle of the lobule
roughly hexagonal
central vein
39
The central vein in the middle of the classic lobule may also be called:
Centrilobular vein or terminal hepatic venule
40
Outter margin of each hepatic lobule is delimited by:
thin connective tissue septum
41
Portal triad
portal artery
portal vein
portal bile duct
(also lymph vessel but less noticeable)
42
At each corner of the hepatic lobule is a portal tract or triad, and the features in the tract or triad can be:
duplicated
43
Blood enter form the hepatic lobules from the:
portal triads
44
After the blood enters the hepatic lobule through the portal triad, it percolates through ______ & drains via _____
sinusoids
central vein
45
Triangular area based on bile flow (opposite of blood flow)
Portal lobule
46
In the portal lobule, there is a ____ in the center & ____ at the corners
The shape is:
Portal triad
Central veins
Triangular
47
Diambond-shaped region between neighboring central veins in a hepatic lobule:
acinus
48
In a hepatic lobule, the central veins are located along _____ with ___ at the sides
longitudinal axis
portal tracts
49
The acinus of the hepatic lobule combines aspects of:
blood flow, oxygenation, metabolism & pathology
50
The acinus of the hepatic lobule is divided into zones:
1, 2, 3
51
Hepatocytes in different zones of the acinus have different:
metabolic environments
52
-Zone 1 of hepatic lobule=
-Zone 1 is closest to the _____ & receive the most ______
- Zone 1 is the most susceptible to:
- periolobular zone/periportal zone
- portal tract; oxygenated blood
- toxic injury
53
Zone 2 of hepatic lobule =
intermediate zone
54
-Zone 3 of the hepatic lobule=
-Zone 3 is the furthest from the ____
-Zone 3 is closes to the _____
-Zone 3 receives the least ______
- Zone 3 is most susceptible to:
- centrolobular zone
- portal tract
- central vein
- oxygenated blood
- ischemic injury
55
Liver functions in detoxification of various drugs, toxins & metabolites (e.g. ethanol, pesticides, & carcinogens) via:
Microsomal mixed oxidase of SER or peroxidases of peroxisomes
56
The peroxidases of peroxisomes is what system?
P450
57
A common sequela to repeated insults or chronic disease to the liver:
cirrhosis
58
Cirrhosis is characterized by hepatic degneration & _____, followed by _____ & _____
necrosis
Fibrosis
nodular regeneration
59
Associated with cirrhosis (due to fibrosis & blockage of blood flow)
portal hypertension
60
Portal hypertension is associated with cirrhosis & due to:
fibrosis & blockage of blood flow
61
The liver has the ability to:
regenerate
62
The liver functions are divided into:
exocrine & endocrine
63
Secretion of products into ducts
Exocrine
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Secretion of products without ducts, directly into bloodstream
endocrine
65
The endocrine functions of the liver include:
1. synthesis of ____
2. synthesisis of _____
3. the process of ______
4. storage & release of:
5. storage of vitamins:
1. plasma proteins
2. glucose
3. gluconeogenesis
4. glycogen, lipids, lipoproteins
5. A & D
66
The exocrine (secretory) function of the liver:
bile synthesis
67
Bile is an emulsifying agent & facilitates the:
hydrolysis of lipids via pancreatic lipases
68
The adult human liver secretes around:
one liter of bile per day
69
Bile flow from liver _____ by hormones such as secretin, CCK, & gastrin
increases
70
Bile flow stimulating hormones, secretin, CCK, & gastrin come from:
enteroendocrine (APUD) cells
71
Bile is synthesized by ___ & secreted into a network of ____
hepatocytes
bile canalilculi
72
Small canals between hepatocytes formed by grooves in plasma membranes of adjacent cells
bile caniliculi
73
The direction of bile flow is _____ to blood flow
opposite
74
Bile flows goes through a series of:
progressively larger ducts
75
Bile synthesis includes _____ & larger _____
bile ducts
intrahepatic ducts
76
Bile synthesis includes bile ducts (___) & larger intrahepatic ducts (____)
portal triads
scattered throughout parenchyma
77
In bile synthesis, bile eventually enters the duodenem at ______
maJor duodenal papilla
78
The bile enters the major duodental papilla following a period of ____ & modification in the ____
storage
gallbladder
79
Muscular sac located in depression along surface of liver
gallbladder
80
Used to store & concentrate bile
gallbladder
81
The gallbladder is lined by ____ with ______
simple columnar epithelium
apical microvilli
82
The apical microvilli on the simple columnar epithelium in the gallbladder is used for:
resorption of water
83
The gallbladder lacks:
muscularis mucosae
84
In the gallbladder, the _____ is highly folded
lamina propria
85
In the gallbladder the lamina propria is highly folded with occasional:
tubuloalveolar mucous glands
86
What stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder?
CCK (Cholecystokinin)
87
Components of bile include:
water, ions, electrolytes, cholesterol+phospholipids, bile acids, bile pigments
88
Cholesterol + phospholipids =
lecithin
89
Bile acids are also known as
bile salts
90
best known bile pigment
bilirubin
91
function of bilirubin
non-soluble breakdown of hgb
92
water-soluble form of bilirubin; conjugated with glucuronide
bilirubin glucuronide
93
Bilirubin glucuronide involves what form of bilirubin
water-soluble
94
Failure to absorb bilirubin or failure to conjugate it & secrete glucuronide leads to the accumulate of ___ & ____
bile pigments & jaundice
95
Supersaturation of bile leads to
gallstones
96
Gallstones may also be called:
biliary calculi or cholelithiasis
97
obstruction of bile ducts
choledocolithiasis
98
Choledocolithiasis resulting from the obstruction of bile ducts leads to:
bile stasis or jaundice
99
jaundice is known as:
icterus
100
Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
101
Following a cholecystectomy people are unable to ____ & need to watch their
concentrate bile
watch fat intake
102
Highly lobulated gland with thin, connective tissue capsule; located in the bend of the duodenem
pancreas
103
where is the pancreas located
Does it have a capsule
bend of duodenem
Yes
104
The pancreas is an embryological outgrowth of the
primitive gut
105
The pancreas contains what two components
endocrine & exocrine
106
The endocrine portion of the pancreas is
ductless
107
The ductless endocrine portion of the pancreatic tissue is located in:
islets of langerhans
108
Most of the pancreas is:
exocrine (with ducts)
109
The exocrine pancreas can be described as a:
compound acinar serous gland
110
The exocrine pancreas contains densly packed:
serous acini
111
The densly packed acini of the exocrine pancreas contain ____ surrounding a central lumen (duct)
pyramidal secretory cells
112
In the exocrine pancreas, acinar cells contain:
zymogen granules
113
The zymogen granules contained within the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas include:
trypsinogen & chymotrypsinogen, amylase & lipase
114
In the exocrine pancreas-
Trypsin & chymotrypsin are _____
Amylase breaks down ____
Lipase breaks down _____
proteases
carbs
lipids
115
The exocrine pancreas empties into:
intercalated ducts
116
The intercalated ducts that the exocrine pancreas empties into adds ___ & ____ to the pancreatic sections
bicarb & water
117
The intercalated ducts that add bicarb & water do this to:
neutralize acidic chyme from stomach
118
The intercalated ducts functioning to neutralize acidic chyme from stomach results in an:
optimal pH for pancreas
119
The duct cells that form the beginning of the intercalated duct of the exocrine pancreas are sometimes visible in the center of acini and therefore called:
centero-acinar cells
120
The intercalated ducts of the exocrine pancreas empty into larger:
intralobular ducts
121
The intercalated ducts of the exocrine pancreas empty into larger intralobular ducts which then enter into larger:
interlobular ducts
122
interlobular ducts might be called:
extralobular ducts
123
pancreatic secretions enter the duodenem via:
pancreatic duct
124
the pancreatic secretions entering the duodenem via the pancreatic duct at:
major duodenal papilla
125
What are the principle regulators of the exocrine pancreas:
polypeptide hormones secreted by APUD cells
126
The one pancreatic regulator secreted by APUD cells of the stomach is:
gastrin
127
gastrin is secreted by G cells of the:
pyloric stomah
128
In pancreatic stimulation gastrin stimulates the secretion of:
pancreatic fluid
129
The three pancreatic regulation secreted by APUD cells of the duodenum include:
secretin, CCK, enterokinase
130
The three pancreatic regulation secreted by APUD cells of the duodenum include:
The secretin is secreted by ____ cells
It stimulates the secretion of ____ by cells of the ______
S cells
Bicarbonate by cells of the intercalated ducts
131
In pancreatic secretion- CCK is secreted by ___ cells
CCK stimulates ____ cells to secrete _____
I cells
acinar cells to secrete zymogens
132
In pancreatic regulation, enterokinase converts ____ to _____ (within the small intestine) which converts ____ to ____ (digests proteins)
This cascade reaction prevents the pancreas from digesting itslef
trypsinogen to trypsin
chymotrypsinogen to chymotripsin
133
Autodigestion of pancreas brought on by alcoholism
Pancreatisis
134
What results in the premature conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin & therefore autolysis
pancreatitis
