Skin (Exam II) Flashcards
(333 cards)
1
Q
Largest organ of the body (15-20% of body mass)
A
Skin
2
Q
Four main functions of skin
A
1- protection
2- sensation
3- thermoregulation
4- metabolic functions
3
Q
Three main layers of skin
A
1- epidermis
2- dermis
3- hypodermis
4
Q
Another name for hypodermis
A
Subcutis
5
Q
What types of insult does skin provide protection from (4):
A
UV
Mechanical
Chemical
Thermal
6
Q
Skin has protective qualities that prevent ______; and provides a physical barrier to ____
A
Dehydration
Microorganisms
7
Q
Skin is the largest ____ organ of the body
A
Sense
8
Q
Skin contains receptors for (4):
A
Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temp
9
Q
Skin thermoregulation is accomplished via
A
Insulation via hair
Subcutaneous fat
10
Q
Heat loss in skin is facilitated by:
A
Sweat glands
Derma capillary network
11
Q
For metabolic functions of the skin, energy is stored in:
A
Subcutaneous fat
12
Q
Energy is store in the subcutaneous fat primarily as:
A
Triglycerides
13
Q
Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin via:
A
Sunlight waves
14
Q
Type of cells that occupy the epidermis
A
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
15
Q
Cells of the epidermis
A
Keratinocytes
16
Q
The epidermis varies in thickness and this difference is reflected in terms of:
A
Thick skin & thin skin
17
Q
Epidermis made of a thick highly keratinized layer
A
Thick skin
18
Q
Thick skin is restricted to:
A
Volar (soles)
Palmar (palms)
19
Q
Thick skin lacks _____ so its termed ____
A
Hair; glabrous
20
Q
Most of the body is covered in:
A
Thin skin
21
Q
Epidermis lacks:
A
Blood vessels
22
Q
Blood vessels do not penetrate the:
A
Basement membrane
23
Q
Epidermis is supplied and nourished by blood vessels in the:
A
Underlying (sub adjacent) dermis
24
Q
When epidermis and dermis are combined where is skin thickest
A
Shoulders and back of neck
25
Composed of dense, irregular, collagenous connective tissue, interspersed with elastic fibers
Dermis
26
Type of collagen present in the collagenous connective tissue of the dermis
Type I collagen
27
Progressive damage to the elastic fibers of the dermis from sunlight waves results in (2):
Aging
Loss of skin tone
28
Aging is caused by damage to:
Elastic fibers
29
The dermis is highly _____ and contains many _____
Vascular
Sensory receptors
30
Two layers of the dermis
1- papillary layer
2- reticular layer
31
Papillary layer of the dermis is _____, while the reticular layer of the dermis is _____
Superficial
Deep
32
Relatively thin layer of the dermis that interdigitates with the epidermis
Papillary layer
33
_____ increase surface area for attachment, prevent shear and mechanical abrasion within the dermis
Corrugations
34
Epidermal projections into the dermis
Epidermal ridges
35
Epidermal ridges may also be called
Rete ridges
36
Dermal projections into the epidermis
Dermal ridges
37
Dermal ridges may also be called
Dermal papillae
38
Large dermal ridges in thick skin are called:
Fingerprints (dermatoglyphs)
39
Fingerprints/dermatoglyphs are:
Unique to each individual
40
What prevents epidermis from peeling off when you bump into something
Corrugations
41
Deeper layer of dermis that is thicker and less cellular than papillary layer
Reticular layer of dermis
42
The reticular of the dermis contains (3):
Hair follicles
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
43
The reticular layer of the dermis interdigitates with the underlying:
Hypodermis (subcutis)
44
Within the reticular layer of the dermis, the thick collagen bundles and elastic fibers form:
Lines of tension (Langer’s lines)
45
Skin incisions parallel to Langer’s lines heal with:
Less scarring
46
Layer of skin located below the dermis
Hypodermis
47
Layer of loose, irregular connective tissue and adipose tissue
Hypodermis
48
What are the different names for the hypodermis (3)
Subcutis
Superficial fascia
Panniculus adiposus
49
Three vascular plexi of the skin
1- subpapillary plexus
2- cutaneous plexus
3- subcutaneous plexus
50
The subpapillary plexus is the most:
Superficial
51
The cutaneous plexus is located:
In between subpapillary plexus and subcutaneous plexus
52
The subcutaneous plexus is the most:
Deep
53
Arrange vascular plexus of skin in order of superficial to deep:
Subpapillary plexus
Cutaneous plexus
Subcutaneous plexus
54
Subpapillary plexus is located at the junction of:
Papillary & reticular layers
55
Cutaneous plexus is located at the junction of:
Reticular layer & hypodermis
56
The subcutaneous plexus is located deep within:
Hypodermis
57
Largest vascular plexi
Subcutaneous plexus
58
The vascular plexi of the the skin are used in:
Thermoregulation
59
The vascular plexi of the skin are used in thermoregulation, especially in fingertips and ears and are associated with _____ containing _____
AV shunts
Glomus bodies
60
Thickened regions of smooth muscle in wall of arterioles surrounded by connective tissue capsule
Glomus bodies
61
Bypass capillary bed, re-route blood from arterial to venous circulation
Glomus bodies
62
On winter day when outside, our hands and feet get cold, this is due to
AV shunts
Glomus bodies
63
Layer of skin that is continuously grown and replaced
Epidermis
64
It takes ~25-50 days for cells to travel from ____, mature, and be sloughed from ____
Deep germinal layer
Superficial epidermis
65
In ______ keratinocyte maturation takes only ~1 week
Psoriasis
66
In psoriasis there is an absence of a ____ layer
Granular
67
In psoriasis their are abnormal ____ and ____
Keratohyaline & tonofibrils
68
Layers of the epidermis:
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
69
Another name for stratum basale
Stratum germinativum
70
The basal layer of the epidermis
Stratum basale
71
Mitotic layer of cuboidal germinal cells in the epidermis are boudn to the basement membrane by:
Hemidesmosomes
72
The hemidesmosomes attach to the underlying dermis via (2):
Anchoring filaments
Microfibrils
73
Prickle cell layer
Stratum spinosum
74
Layer of epidermis where cells look spiny; thickest layer of epidermis in the skin
Stratum spinosum
75
Prominent cells within stratum spinosum
Polyhedral cells
76
Polyhedral cells within the stratum spinosum have prominent (3):
Intercellular bridges (desmosomes)
Numerous cytoplasmic processes
Lateral folding of cell membrane
77
Predominant cell product of the stratum spinosum
Cytokeratin
78
Cytokeratin of the stratum spinosum forms ____ that aggregate into larger _____ and anchor on to desmosomes
Tonofilaments
Tonofibrils
79
Epidermal layer that helps glue the epidermal cells together and helps to prevent sloughing or separating
Stratum spinosum
80
Anchor to desmosomes and provide increased support
Tonofibrils
81
Type of keratin humans produce
Alpha keratin
82
Type of keratin birds and reptiles produce
Beta keratin
83
Difference between alpha and beta keratin
Beta keratin is a little robust, thicker and stronger than alpha keratin
84
Granular cell layer of the epidermis
Stratum granulosum
85
The stratum granulosum is characterized by cells containing ______
Keratohyaline granules
86
The Keratohyaline granules of the stratum granulosum are:
Basophilic
87
Non-membrane bound, basophilic, electron-dense granules within the stratum granulosum
Keratohyaline granules
88
In the stratum granulosum, the keratinization of cells represents the interaction between:
Keratohyaline granules & tonofibrils
89
The cells of the stratum granulosum have distinctive:
Stippled cytoplasmic staining
90
Keratinization is initiated by the release of:
Lysosomal enzymes
91
The release of lysosomal enzymes in keratinization results in the rupture of ______ and polymerization of their contents
Keratohyaline granules
92
During keratinization process, following the rupture of keratohyaline granules and polymerization of their contents this forms a:
Matrix for tonofibrils of Cytokeratin
93
During the keratinization process, the matrix formed for tonofibrils of Cytokeratin leads to an amorphous mass of:
Mature keratin
94
During process of keratinization, the release of lysosomes causes what to happen to cell
Cell death
95
As keratinocytes mature, they _____ and lose ____
Die; nuclei
96
Cells of the granular layer contain membrane-bound, lamellar structure called:
Keratinosomes
97
Contain Glycolipids which provide waterproofing coat for skin cells
Keratinosomes
98
Cells of what layer mature to form waterproof layer of keratinized cells with Glycolipids coating on surface of the epidermis
Granular layer
99
Layer of epidermis present only in thick skin
Stratum lucidum
100
Homogenous, compact layer of enucleate cells between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
101
Type of cells present in the stratum lucidum
Enucleate cells
102
Thin skin will not contain what layer
Stratum lucidum
103
Layer of epidermis that can extend in radiating lines to surface
Stratum lucidum
104
Most superficial layer of the epidermis
Stratum corneum
105
Thickest layer of epidermis in thick skin
Stratum corneum
106
Flattened, enucleate, dead cell remnants
Squames
107
Type of cell characteristic of the stratum corneum
Squames
108
Stratum corneum is composed primarily of:
Soft keratin
109
The soft keratin of the stratum corneum acts as a:
Hydrophobic barrier preventing desiccation
110
The stratum corneum is continuously:
Exfoliated
111
Process of continuous exfoliation of the stratum corneum
Desquamation
112
In females, _____ cervical ______ cells are routinely examined in a Pap smear, to detect cervical cancer
Exfoliated
Epithelial
113
Cervical skin cells are prone to _____ which leads to cervical cancer
Dysplasia
114
Three common types of skin tumors
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Melanoma
115
Squamous cell carcinoma & basal cell carcinoma are derived from:
Melanoma is derived from:
Epithelial cells
Melanocytes
116
Healing from a clean (surgical), approximated incision
First-intention healing
117
After a clean cut, the incision immediately:
Filled with blood and clots
118
In first intention wound repair, within 3-24 hours, neutrophils infiltrate the clot, what phase is this:
Acute phase
119
During wound repair, the epithelial cells of the stratum basale begin:
Mitosis
120
What cells begin mitosis during first intention healing in wound repair
Epithelial cells of stratum basale
121
For first intention wound healing to occur, the cut has to reach the:
Dermis (not just epidermis)
122
In first intention healing during wound repair, why do the epithelial cells of the stratum basale undergo mitosis
To reapproximate the edges of the skin
123
During first intention healing during wound repair, within 3-7 days, the neutrophils are replaced by:
Macrophages
124
During first intention healing during wound repair, when the neutrophils begin to be replaced by macrophages (3-7 days) this marks the transition of:
Acute to subacute phase
125
Three processes that start to occur during the subacute phase of first intention healing:
1- neovascularization
2- fibroplasia
3- re-epithelization
126
During first intention healing during wound repair, neovascularization causes the:
Growth of new vessels, repair of damaged old vessels
127
During first intention healing during wound repair, neovascularization, fibroplasia, and re-epithelialization all lead to:
Production of granulation tissue
128
During first intention healing during wound repair, fibroplasia refers to the production of ____ by ____
Collagen by fibroblasts
129
Re-epithelialization refers to:
Epithelial proliferation
130
During first intention healing during wound repair, around day 5, the incision is filled with:
Granulation tissue
131
During first intention healing during wound repair, during week two we have continued _____ and _____ leading to mature granulation tissue
Fibroplasia & collagen accumulation
132
During first intention healing during wound repair, during week two we have a progressive decrease in:
Inflammation
133
During first intention healing during wound repair, the presence of inflammatory cells and inflammatory cell products leads to:
Itching
134
During first intention healing during wound repair, around month two what should be formed
Connective tissue scar
135
During first intention healing during wound repair, around month two there should be no _____ present
Inflammation
136
During first intention healing during wound repair, around month two, the connective tissue scar should be covered by:
Intact epithelium
137
With deficiency in ______ collagen breaks down and the old scar can re-open and bleed
Vitamin C
138
During the first 24 hours of second intention healing, compared to first intention healing, the scab/clot is:
Much larger
139
In second intention healing, inflammation is more intense because there is more _____, _____, ______ to remove
Necrotic debris
Exudate
Fibrin
140
In Second intention wound healing, during the weeks following the initial injury, the wound requires larger amounts of _____ because of its larger defect
Granulation tissue
141
Second intention wound healing invovles:
Wound contraction
142
Excess fibroplasia resulting in a raised, thickened connective tissue scar
Keloid
143
Keloid results from too much:
Collagen
144
Type of wound healing that occurs with more extensive loss of tissue, where the wound edges DO NOT approximate
Second intention
145
An infarct, ulcer, or abscess would require what type of wound healing
Second intention
146
During second intention wound healing, following the initial clot formation, the epithelial cells of the _____ migrate from edges of wound at 0.5 mm/day
Stratum basale
147
With second intention wound healing, around how long does it take to fill a 1cm wide cut
~ 3 weeks
148
During second intention wound healing, in haired skin, migration of cels from _______ of hair follicles augments re-epithelializaiton
External root sheath
149
During second intention wound healing, simultaneous ______ / ________ of keratinocytes behind the migrating from front restore the multilayered, stratified epidermis
Proliferation/maturation
150
During second intention wound healing, as the keratinocytes are migrating to fill in the gap, the cells of the stratum basal mature in a:
Vertical process
151
During second intention wound healing , it takes on average ~ 25 days for the cells to mature from the stratum basale, to the stratum corneum in the process of:
Keratinization
152
During second intention wound healing, the keratinization of new cells = the ______ & _____ of scab from periphery after ~ 3 weeks
Desquamation & lifting
153
During second intention wound healing,
After the scab falls of (from the edges first), this is followed by _____ due to _____
Wound contraction
Myofibroblasts
154
During second intention wound healing, wound contraction is performed by what type of cell
Myofibroblasts
155
During second intention wound healing,
In full thickness abrasion, or 3rd degree burns, re-epithelialization is limited by:
Size of wound
156
Special features of Myofibroblasts
Produce collagen and have contractile properties
157
A burn that only involves the epidermis
1st degree
158
Burn involving both epidermis & dermis
2nd degree
159
Burn involving epidermis, dermis & hypodermis (loss of all three layers)
3rd degree
160
Neuroectodermal dendritic cells present in the epidermis
Melanocytes
161
Origin of melanocytes
Neural crest origin
162
Melanocytes only comprise a small number of cells usually restricted to:
Basal layer
163
Melanocytes have extensive _______ that may extend into the _____
Cytoplasmic processes; stratum spinosum
164
Melanin is released from melanocytes in organelles called:
Melanosomes
165
Melanin is released by melanosomes and taken up by surrounding:
Epidermal cells
166
In determining a melanocytes in an H&E stain, you look for a nucleus with a _____ in the basal layer
Halo
167
Two types of melanin:
1- eumelanin
2- pheomelanin
168
Dark brown/black pigment that is present in dark-haired individuals
Eumelanin
169
Red/yellow pigment present in individuals with red or blonde hair
Pheomelanin
170
There are ____ numbers of melanocytes in all individuals, but _____ rates of melanin production and degradation by lysosomal enzymes
Equal
Variable
171
Lighter-skinned individuals produce less ______ or digest ______ at a faster rate
Pigment; pigment
172
Darker-skinned individuals ______ & _____ more pigment longer
Produce & retain
173
Autoimmune disease leading to the destruction of melanocytes (leading to depigmentation)
Vitiligo
174
Melanin synthesis is under the control of pituitary hormone:
Melanocytes stimulating hormone (MSH)
175
Color due to the arrangement of small structures or particles
(Seen in irredescent humming birds and insects)
Structural color
176
In order to produce melanin, ____ precursor is first oxidized to _____ by _______
Tyrosine
DOPA
Tyrosinase
177
The tyrosine precursor is first oxidized to DOPA by tyrosinase located in organelles called:
Premelanosomes
178
The initial steps of melanin production are followed by conversion of DOPA to _____ in _____
Melanin
Melanosomes
179
Albinos lack ______ so DOPA and melanin are NOT formed
Tyrosinase
180
In albino individuals _____ form but do not mature
Premelanosomes
181
_____ can be used as a marker, to differentiate melanocytes from keratinocytes containing phagocytosis melanin
Tyrosinase
182
Using tyrosinase as a marker to differentiate melanocytes from keratinocytes containing phagocytosed melanin can be useful in distinguishing:
Tumor types
183
Melanin is important because it serves as a _____ protect the nucleus and inhibit _____
UV shield
Mutagenesis
184
Exposure to UV stimulates:
Melanin synthesis
185
Melanin is necessary for:
Normal neural development
186
Fixed tissue macrophage, phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells
Langerhans cells
187
Langerhans cells contain distinctive _____, visible on EM
Birbeck granules (tennis racket)
188
Location of langerhans cells
Stratum spinosum
189
Cells involved in contact allergic dermatitis
Langerhans cells
190
Cells within the stratum spinosum that contain abundant cytoplasmic extensions
Langerhans cells
191
Embryological outgrowths of epidermis
Skin appendages
192
Hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and horns are all examples of:
Skin appendages
193
Coarse hair on scalp, axillae & pubis known as:
Terminal hair
194
Hair shaft consists of outer ____ and inner ____
Cortex
Medulla
195
Shaft covered by thin ____ of overlapping keratin plates; prevents matting
Cuticle
196
Hair shaft is produced by hair ____
Follicles
197
Cyclindrical downgrowths of epithelium surrounded by collagen sheaths
Follicles
198
Hair growth occurs within deep terminal escapes ion of follicle:
Hair bulb
199
The hair bulb may also be called:
Hair root
200
The hair bulb is lined with actively dividing ______ cells
Epithelial
201
The actively dividing epithelial cells in a hair bulb are homologous to:
Stratum basale
202
Vascular core at base of hair bulb
Dermal papilla
203
Finger-like invagination of dermis containing blood vessel
Dermal papilla
204
As the epithelial cells lining the hair bulbs mature, they fill with hard ______ arranged in ____ bundles
Keratin filaments; parallel
205
Melanocytes are located _____ to the hair follicle and produce melanin that becomes incorporated into the into the ____
Adjacent; cortex
206
The developing hair is surrounded by and protected by:
Internal & external root sheath
207
lines the hair follicle
Internal & external root sheath
208
A modified basement membrane, separates the hair bulb from the surrounding dermis
Glassy membrane
209
Hair aids in ____ & _____ and is absent on the skin of palms and soles of feet
Protection & thermoregulation
210
The external root sheath is more _____ than the internal root sheath
Cellular
211
Describe nucleus of arrector pilli
Elongated
212
Type of cells comprising the arrector pilli
Smooth muscle cells
213
Arrector pili usually run ______ to hair shaft
30 degrees oblique
214
Bundles of smooth cells that attach hair to follicle sheath and insert on epidermal ridges
Arrector pilli muscle
215
When arrector pilli contract they:
Raise hair
216
Phenomenon arrector pilli are associated with:
Goosebumps
217
Proper name for goosebumps:
Piloerection
218
Piloerection is caused by ____ stimulation due to cold/fear/aggression
Sympathetic
219
Where do arrector pilli attach? Insert?
Hair follicle sheath
Epidermal ridge
220
Hair growth is NOT:
Continuous
221
Hair: growth phase
Anagen
222
Hair: involuting phase (loss of blood supply); signals to end active growth
Catagen
223
Hair: inactive resting phase
Telogen
224
Hair: shedding of old hair shaft- cells have stopped dividing
Exogen
225
What phase of hair growth do we see baldness occur in
Exogen
226
Fine body hair in children
Vellus hair
227
At puberty, vellus hair is replaced by:
Terminal hairs
228
Most common form of hair loss, affecting 30-40% of adults
Androgen if alopecia
229
Androgenic alopecia is both _____ & ____ dependent
Genetic & androgen
230
Individuals affected with androgenic alopecia have high levels of
5-alpha-reductase
231
5-alpha-reductase is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of:
testosterone to dihydroxytestosterone
232
The conversion of testosterone to dihydroxytestosterone results in
Folllicular atrophy
233
Hair length is determined by the ______ phase relative to the _____ phase
Growth; resting
234
Flattened nails are unique to:
Primates
235
Nail consists of a flattened:
Nail plate
236
Nail plate rests on the _____ of the nail bed
Stratified squamous epithelium
237
Another term for nail bed
Hyponichium
238
Proximal end of the nail
Nail root
239
Nail root extends into dermis, attaches to periosteum of:
Distal phalanx
240
Nail root extends into the dermis and attaches to the ______ of distal phalanx
Periosteum
241
Nail growth occurs by ____ & ____ of epithelium at nail root in ______ zone of nail matrix
Proliferation & differentiation
Germinative
242
Germinal root of nail matrix is where:
Nail growth occurs
243
Underlies the white crescent at base of nail
Nail matrix
244
White crescent at base of nail
Lunula
245
The lunula is covered by a superficial cuticle also known as the:
Eponychium
246
As epithelial cells mature, fill with keratin and die, this forms: nail plate
247
Consists of densely packed, parallel, _______ filaments embedded in amorphous matrix
Hard keratin
248
Nail plate slides over underlying nail bed epithelium as it:
Grows
249
Alveolar & holocrine glands are classified as:
Sebaceous glands
250
Glands consisting of branched acini
Sebaceous glands
251
In this type gland, by definition the entire cell is secreted
Sebaceous
252
One or more ____ glands are associated with each hair follicle and develop as outgrowths of external root sheath
Sebaceous glands
253
Type of gland that looks foamy, almost like adipose tissue
Sebaceous gland
254
Sebaceous gland products are very:
Thick and viscous
255
Sebaceous glands secrete oily ____ via ______ canal
Sebum; pilosebaceous
256
Sebum is high in ____ and cell debris
Lipid content
257
Sebum is used for:
Waterproofing & moisturizing skin & hair
258
Sebaceous glands can also be found on non-haired _____ skin, & they secrete directly onto skin surface in this situation
Transitional
259
Excessive secretion of sebum
Seborrhea
260
Hair follicle + associated arrector pilli + sebaceous gland =
Pilosebaceous unit
261
When sebaceous glands are hypertrophic this results in:
Acne
262
Acne occurs when the products of sebaceous glands are so thick and viscous that canal gets blocked with dried products and _____ become trapped in the sebaceous glands
Bacteria
263
Simple, coiled, tubular glands, surrounded by myoepithelial cells; assist in secretion
Sweat glands
264
Two types of sweat glands:
1- Merocrine/eccrine
2- apocrine
265
Another name for follicle mites
Demodex
266
Sweat glands that by definition secrete only product
Merocrine (eccrine)
267
Merocrine (eccrine) glands can be made of:
Columnar or cuboidal epithelium
268
In humans, Merocrine (eccrine) glands are distributed all over most of the body surface except for:
Lips & genitalia
269
Unbranched, coiled, tubular glands with 1-2 layers of cuboidal or columnar epithelium with excretory ducts
Merocrine (eccrine)
270
Type of ducts Merocrine (eccrine) glands have:
Excretory
271
Merocrine (eccrine) glands secrete sweat onto skin surface via ______ on _____
Sweat pore; epidermal ridge
272
Sweat contains a hypotonic solution of (4):
Salts
Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid
273
Sweat is important in what functions
Thermoregulation
Evaporative cooling
274
Body loses on average around 600 ml/day of sweat through:
Evaporation from lungs, skin & mucous membranes
275
Thermoregulatory sweating is ________
Cholinergic
276
Thermoregulatory (cholinergic) sweating occurs via:
Parasympathetics
277
Thermoregulatory (cholinergic) sweating occurs first where & then where
First: axillae, forehead, scalp
Second: hands, feet
278
Emotional sweating is ______
Adrenergic
279
Emotional (adrenergic) sweating occurs via:
Sympathetics
280
Emotional (adrenergic) sweating begins on the:
Palms & soles
281
Sweat glands that by definition secrete product + some cytoplasm
Apocrine sweat glands
282
Coiled, tubular glands with large dilated lumina
Apocrine sweat glands
283
Describe lumina of apocrine sweat glands
Dilated
284
Apocrine sweat glands are located in the _____ & _____ and develop at puberty
Axillae & groin
285
Sweat glands made of secretory, cuboidal epithelium that are 2-3 cell layers thick, & surround large, glandular lumen
Apocrine sweat glands
286
Apocrine glands discharge thick, viscid secretions into the:
Hair follicle
287
The thick, viscid secretions of apocrine glands contain:
Proteins
Carbs
Ammonia
Lipids
Organic products
288
Originally the secretions of apocrine glands are ______ when secreted, but bacteria breakdown results in a _____ odor
Odorless
Acrid
289
Body odor is due to bacterial breakdown of:
Apocrine sweat gland products
290
In mammals, the acrid odor resulting from bacterial breakdown of apocrine secretion is used as a:
Pheromone
291
Secretions from apocrine glands is considered:
Adrenergic
292
Modified apocrine glands in the external auditory meatus (ear canal)
Ceruminous glands
293
Cerumin=
Earwax
294
Glands that develop along paired epidermal ridges- & extend from axillae to groin
Mammary glands
295
Mammary ridges & milk lines are also names for
Epidermal ridges
296
In humans, only the ________ pair of glans along the milk line develops
First pair
297
Mammary glands are highly modified ____ glands; identical in male and female until puberty
Sweat glands
298
In females, the mammary glands develop under the influence of ___ & ____ hormones
Pituitary & ovarian
299
In females, when do the pituitary & ovarian hormones influence the mammary glands to produce milk to feed young
Following pregnancy
300
At menopause, the mammary glands:
Atrophy & involute
301
Mammary glands composed mainly of dense, irregular, collagenous connective tissue, interspersed with adipose tissue & occasional smooth muscle
Inactive mammary gland
302
A mammary gland is composed of ____ glands organized into _______
Tubulo-acinar ; secretory lobules
303
Mammary glands are drained by _____ ducts
Terminal
304
After the mammary glands drain into terminal ducts, they further drain into larger ______ ducts
Lactiferous
305
The lactiferous ducts of mammary glands empty into:
Lactiferous sinus
306
The lactiferous sinus is located in the region of the:
Nipple
307
Pigmented region of epidermis surrounding the nipple
Areola
308
Type of epithelium comprising the areola- what else does this contain
Stratified squamous epithelium; deep dermal ridges
309
Mammary glands contain numerous ______ glands, including _____ & ____ glands
Areolar
Merocrine & sebaceous
310
During _____, mammary glans enlarge due to hypertrophy of secretory cells & accumulation of secretory product
Lactation
311
The first few days after birth, mammary glands secrete:
Colostrum
312
Alkaline, yellowish secretion, with high protein & salt content, low in lipid & carbs
Colostrum
313
Colostrum contains large amounts of ______ - important in transfer of passive immunity to offspring
Antibodies
314
______ production is both merocrine and apocrine
Milk production
315
In milk production, _____ secretion is primarily merocrine, while ______ fraction is primarily apocrine
Protein
Lipid
316
Mechanoreceptors/touch receptors in dermal ridges of papillary layer
Meissner’s corpuscles
317
Location of meissner’s corpuscles
Dermal ridges of papillary layer
318
Meissner’s corpuscles are prominent in:
Hands
Feet
Lips
Genitalia
319
Shape of meissner’s corpuscles
Cylindrical
320
In a meissner’s corpuscle there are _____ nerve fibers associated with modified ____ cells
Afferent nerve fibers; Schwann cells
321
Large, ovoid mechanoreceptors located in the dermis and hypodermis
Pacinian corpuscles
322
Pacinian corpuscles are prominent in:
Fingertips
Around joints
323
Type of pressure Pacinian corpuscles detect:
Mechanical & vibratory
324
Pacinian corpuscles consist of _____ nerve fibers surrounded by highly modified ____ cells
Afferent
Schwann
325
The afferent nerve fibers surrounded by highly modified Schwann cells form ______ separated by fluid filled spaces
Concentric lamellae
326
Small dermal mechanoreceptors, especially common in soles of feet
Ruffini corpuscles
327
Most numerous sensory receptor, present in epidermis and papillary dermis & surround most hair follicles
“Free” nerve ending
328
“Free” nerve endings lack:
1- connective tissue capsule
2- associated Schwann cell
329
“Free” nerve endings serve multiple sensory modalities including:
Heat/cold
Touch
Pain
Movement
330
Epidermal cells derived from neural crest
Merkel cells
331
Cells that look like melanocytes; located in stratum basale, contain dense core granules, store Seratonin
Merkel cells
332
Pressure-sensitive mechanoreceptors, associated with free afferent nerve endings and merkel discs
Merkel cell
333
A- epidermis
B- dermal ridge
C- Meissner’s corpuscle
