Oral Cavity & Tooth Development (Exam III) Flashcards
(337 cards)
1
Q
What is the oral cavity bound by superiorly?
A
Hard & soft palate
2
Q
What is the oral cavity bound by inferiorly?
A
Tongue & floor of mouth
3
Q
What is the oral cavity bound by anteriorly & laterally?
A
Teeth (dental arcade)
4
Q
What is the oral cavity bound by posteriorly?
A
Oropharynx
5
Q
Area enclosed between lips & teeth:
A
Vestibule
6
Q
Transitional zone between external haired skin & internal oral mucosa:
A
Vermillion border
7
Q
Color of the vermillion border is derived from:
A
Highly vascular dermis & thin overlying keratinized epidermis
8
Q
_____ refers to the color of the lips
A
Vermillion
9
Q
The lips are red because the overlying epidermis is very thin, allowing the _____ of the underlying dermis to show through:
A
Blood vessels
10
Q
What type of cells make up the thin epidermis of the vermillion border:
A
Stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium
11
Q
Lips lack:
A
Sweat & sebaceous glands
12
Q
Lips are highly sensitive due to:
A
Rich sensory innervation
13
Q
Oral cavity responsibilities: (3)
A
1- ingestion
2- fragmentation
3- moistening of food
14
Q
Involves cutting, chewing & grinding of food by occlusal surfaces of teeth:
A
Mastication
15
Q
Mastication is assisted by:
A
Lips, tongue, salivary glands (3)
16
Q
Food material chopped up by teeth & covered in saliva to make it easier to swallow:
A
Bolus
17
Q
Swallowing is also referred to as:
A
Deglutition
18
Q
In addition the digestive functions of the oral cavity- the oral cavity is also involved in: (4)
A
1- speech
2- facial expression
3- sensory perception
4- respiration
19
Q
Because the lips lack sweat & sebaceous glands they require:
A
Constant moistening
20
Q
Critical for outcome of interactions- produced by the oral cavity:
A
Facial expressions
21
Q
Non-keratinized mucosa found on inner cheeks, floor mouth, inferior surface of tongue & soft palate:
A
Lining mucosa
22
Q
List the locations of lining mucosa: (4)
A
1- inner cheeks
2- floor of mouth
3- inferior surface of tongue
4- soft palate
23
Q
The lining mucosa lacks:
A
Stratum corneum
24
Q
The lining mucosa is:
A
Non-keratinized
25
Why must the lining mucosa be kept moist?
Because it lacks a stratum corneum
26
Present in areas of high abrasion:
Masticatory mucosa
27
List two example of areas of high abrasion in which masticatory mucosa would be located:
1- gingiva
2- hard palate
28
Masticatory mucosa is ______ or _______
Keratinized or Parakeratinized
29
When cells of the stratum corneum do not lose their nuclei they are said to be:
Parakeritinized
30
Thicker epithelium that has living cells on the epithelial surface- cross between keratinized & non-keratinized
Parakeratinized
31
Restricted to the dorsal surface of the tongue; keratinized:
Specialized mucosa
32
In regards to the tongue, where is specialized mucosa located:
Dorsal surface of tongue
33
Is specialized mucosa of the tongue keratinized or nonkeratinized?
Keratinized
34
The tongue is a _____ organ composed of interlacing ____ fibers:
Muscular organ; skeletal muscle
35
______ are scattered throughout the tongue:
Accessory salivary glands
36
What is between the musculature layers of the tongue?
Lamina propria
37
Because the fibers of the tongue are are arranged in multiple planes, this provides:
High range of motion
38
The tongue functions in:
Manipulation of food
39
The tongue assists with:
Speaking
40
The accessory salivary glands that are scattered throughout the tongue are in what layer?
Lamina propria between skeletal muscle layers
41
The tongue is innervated by:
Various cranial nerves
42
List the cranial nerves providing innervation of the tongue:
5, 7, 9, 10, 12
43
What cranial nerve provides general sensation anterior to the sulcus terminals?
Cranial nerve V
44
What cranial nerve provides taste?
Cranial nerve VII
45
What cranial nerve provides general sensation & taste posterior to the sulcus terminalis:
Cranial nerve IX
46
What cranial nerve provides taste & perhaps motor as well?
Cranial nerve X
47
What cranial nerve provides motor to the oral cavity?
Cranial nerve XII
48
The tongue is supported inferiorly by the:
Frenulum
49
Thin band of connective tissue anchoring tongue to the floor of the mouth
Frenulum
50
Embryologically, the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is derived from:
Ectoderm
51
Embryologically, the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is derived from:
Pharynx (mesoderm)
52
The anterior 2/3 & posterior 1/3 of the tongue is separated by a groove called the:
Sulcus terminalis
53
Both the anterior 2/3 & posterior 1/3 of the tongue are covered by:
Stratified squamous epithelium
54
The stratified squamous of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is:
Not keratinized
55
The stratified squamous epithelium of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is:
Keratinized
56
What anatomical feature prevents the tongue from flipping backwards & occluding the larynx?
Frenulum
57
The sulcus terminalis is a result of:
Embryological origins of the tongue
58
Most numerous papillae of the tongue?
Filiform papillae
59
Keratinized, short bristles, that are distributed in parallel rows (papillae):
Filiform papillae
60
The Filiform papillae lack _____ & are primarily _____
Tastebuds; tactile
61
Mushroom-shaped papillae, scattered among the Filiform papillae:
Fungiform papillae
62
Where are the tastebuds located on the Fungiform papillae?
Dorsal surface
63
Papillae located in furrows/ridges on the lateral portion of the tongue:
Foliate papillae
64
Location of tastebuds on foliate papillae:
Lateral portion
65
What are associated with the salivary glands (Von Ebner’s glands) at the base of the papillae:
Foliate Papillae
66
What type of salivary glands are foliate papillae associated with?
Von Ebner’s salivary glands
67
Describe foliate papillae in humans:
Rudimentary in humans
Contain tastebuds in children & degenerate with age
68
Row of 8-12 large dome-shaped papillae:
Circumvallate papillae
69
Where are circumvillate papillae located?
Immediately anterior to the sulcus terminalis
70
Circumvallate are surrounded by _____ containing _____
Moat-like sulcus containing large number of taste buds laterally around the base
71
In addition to the foliate papillae, what additional type of papillae are associated with the salivary glands (Von Ebner’s) at the base of the papillae?
Circumvillate papillae
72
Circumvillate papillae refers to a ____ sulcus that surrounds the papillae:
A mobilized sulcus
73
In humans, tastebuds are located on the ______ of the tongue
Papillae
74
What papillae are not associate with tastebuds:
Filiform
75
Adults have 3,000-10,000 tastebuds & past the age of 45 many of these:
Degenerate
76
The degeneration of tastebuds is responsible for:
Changes in taste with age
77
Tastebuds are also scattered over:
Palate, pharynx & epiglottis
78
Oval tastebuds consist of up to 20-30 spindle-shaped central:
Taste cells
79
Another name for taste cells:
Gustatory cells
80
Taste cells contain:
Terminal taste hairs
81
What is the shape of the taste cells?
Spindle-shaped
82
Taste hairs projects from the ______ in to a central _____
Surface of the cell; central taste pore
83
The taste hairs are covered by a ______ to protect & moisten
Glycoprotein coat
84
Taste hairs are surrounded by:
Substentacular cells & basal cells
85
Describe the lifespan of taste cells:
Continuously lost & replaced around every ten days
86
Taste cells are associated with:
Myelinated nerve endings
87
Taste buds are innervated by fibers from:
Cranial nerve VII, IX, X
88
What are the four basic tastes:
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty
89
Each taste cell contains receptors for _______but individuals taste buds contains ______
Only one taste; mixture of taste cells
90
What type of taste receptors are concentrated on Circumvallate papillae
Bitter
91
What acts as a carrier for taste?
Saliva
92
Fifth taste that was recently discovered:
Umami
93
Umami is associated with:
Circumvillate papillae
94
Umami can be described as:
Savory
95
Umami taste cells detect certain ______ including _____ & _____
Amino acids; glutamate & aspartame
96
Glutamate & aspartate are characteristic of:
Asparagus, tomatoes, beef, cheese & MSG
97
Contain greater than normal numbers of circumvillate papillae:
Super-tasters
98
Super-tasters are more sensitive to:
Bitter tastes
99
Recent studies have shown evidence for a 6th taste for:
Fat
100
There is a _____ for taste
Genetic basis
101
Example of a genetic basis for taste
PTC (Phenylthiocarbamide)
102
What determines if you can taste PTC?
What are the names of the individuals who can vs. can’t:
If you have a gene for PTC
Tasters vs. non-tasters
103
Taste influences:
Food preferences
104
A decreased ability to detect taste:
Hypogeusia
105
Heredity condition characterized by total absence of tastebuds:
Type I familial dysautonomia
106
In the posterior tongue- the underlying mucosa in the caudal 1/3 is a mass of:
Lymphoid tissue
107
The underlying mucosa in the caudal 1/3 of the posterior tongue is a mass of lymphoid tissue called:
Lingual tonsil
108
The lingual tonsil is similar to _______ & ______ in structure & function:
Palatine & pharyngeal tonsils
109
Tonsils are located in a ring around the:
Nasopharynx
110
The tonsils are located in a ring around the Nasopharynx collectively referred to as:
Waldeyer’s rings
111
Waldeyer’s ring functions to:
Protect respiratory & digestive tract
112
Extension of posterior free margin of soft palate:
Uvula
113
The uvula is an extension of:
Posterior free margin of soft palate
114
The uvula has a central core of:
Skeletal muscle
115
The uvula is covered by:
Lining mucosa
116
The lining mucosa covering the uvula consists of large numbers of:
Submucosa (palatine) glands
117
The supposed function of the uvula is:
Preventing food from entrance into the nasal cavity during swallowing
118
Distributed throughout the submucosa of the oral cavity
Salivary glands
119
List the three major pairs of the salivary glands:
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
120
Largest salivary gland, located on the cheeks & almost completely serous
Parotid
121
Where are the parotid salivary glands located?
On the cheeks
122
The parotid gland is completely:
Serous
123
Stenson’s duct is the:
Parotid duct
124
The parotid duct opens within the:
Vestibule
125
Location of the parotid duct
Opposite the upper 2nd molars
126
Salivary gland located below the tongue that is mostly mucous
Sublingual
127
The sublingual salivary gland is mostly:
Mucous
128
Salivary gland located inferior & medial to the ramus of the mandible
Submandibular
129
The submandibular salivary gland is what type of gland?
Mixed
130
Wharton’s duct is another name for:
Submandibular duct
131
The submandibular duct opens at the:
Sublingual caruncle
132
Numerous smaller _____ are scatter throughout the oral mucosal
Accessory glands
133
List five accessory glands that are scattered throughout the oral mucosa:
Lingual, labial, buccal, molar & palatine glands
134
Which salivary gland is one that you often palpate?
Submandibular gland
135
Salivary gland that contains both serous & mucous acini:
Submandibular gland
136
Compound branched tubuloacinar glands
Salivary glands
137
The secretory unit of a salivary gland is:
Acinus
138
What type of cells surround the acini?
Myoepithelial cells
139
What is the function of the myoepithelial cells that surround the acini of salivary glands?
Contraction aids in secretions of saliva into ducts
140
Acini can be _____ or _____
Serous
Mucous
141
Serous acinus of mixed glands are often in the form of:
Demilunes
142
Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium- secrete HCO3 & resorb Cl
Intercalated ducts of salivary glands
143
What are intercalated ducts of salivary glands lined by?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
144
Intercalated ducts of salivary glands secrete _____ & resorb ____
HCO3
Cl
145
The basic histological makeup of salivary glands consists of:
Acinar glands & ductal components
146
The ductal components of salivary glands can be divided into what three components:
Intercalated ducts, striated ducts, excretory ducts
147
Ducts within salivary glands that are simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
Striated ducts
148
What makes the striated ducts of epithelial cells striated?
Posses basal striations due to folding of plasma membrane
149
Striated ducts possess _____ due to folding of the _____
Basal striations; plasma membrane
150
What is the function of the striated ducts within salivary glands? (3)
Resorb Na
Secrete K into saliva
Secrete lysozyme & IgA
151
Striated ducts of the salivary glands empty into larger:
Excretory ducts
152
Type of cells that comprise excretory ducts:
Stratified cuboidal or psuedostratified columnar epithelium
153
___________ inhibits aqueous secretion resulting in thick, viscous saliva rich in protein
Sympathetic stimulation
154
Results in copious watery saliva
Parasympathetic simulation
155
The three major components of saliva:
Water, glycoproteins & proteins
156
The enzyme within saliva responsible for converting starch to sugar:
Amylase
157
The enzyme within saliva responsible for antibacterial properties
Lysozyme
158
Antibody contained within saliva:
IgA
159
Inorganic ions within saliva include:
Calcium, phosphate and chlorine
160
Saliva is high in _____ & ____ & low in ____
K & bicarbonate
Na
161
Average saliva production in humans per day:
600-1500 ml/day
162
Six main functions of saliva include:
1- _____ oral mucosa & dry food
2- provides _______ for sense of taste
3- ______ through high ____ content
4- digestion of ___ via _____
5- _____ function through secretion of salivary IgA
6- Control of _____
1- moistens
2- carrier medium
3- buffering; bicarbonate
4- carbohydrates; amylase
5- Immunologic
6- bacterial flora
163
Proteins in saliva cover teeth with _______
Acquired pellicle
164
Proteins in saliva cover teeth with acquired pellicle in order to:
Control bacterial flora
165
Saliva contains ____ that prevent tooth decay
Antibodies
166
Decreased salivary production:
Exacerbates tooth decay
167
Why when your nervous do you get dry mouth?
Sympathetic stimulation
168
What is the primary component of saliva?
Water
169
Where does digestion start?
Oral cavity
170
What causes the potassium level to be high and the sodium level to be low in saliva?
Intercalated ducts & striated ducts
171
Saliva is high in bicarb which is trying to buffer the:
Acidic content of the stomach
172
The protein coating made from saliva that helps to prevent tooth decay
Acquired pellicle
173
Teeth are grossly divided into:
Root & crown
174
Portion of tooth embedded in bone is called:
Tooth root
175
The tooth root lays in part of the jaw called the:
Alveolar ridge
176
The alveolar ridge lays within the tooth socket called the:
Alveolus
177
Portion of the tooth that’s projects into the oral cavity:
Crown
178
The crown of the tooth is protected by a layer of highly mineralized:
Enamel
179
Hard translucent substance that containing less than 1% organic material & 96-98% of hydroxyapatite
Enamel
180
Enamel contains very little _____ and is almost entirely made up of ____
Organic material
Hydroxyapatite
181
Enamel is _____ in origin
Ectodermal
182
Enamel is secreted by tall, columnar _____of ______
Ameloblasts of enamel organ
183
Describe the ameloblasts that secrete enamel:
Tall, columnar
184
The apical, secretory end of 5the ameloblasts forms a single large process called the:
Tome’s process
185
Tome’s process is formed by the ________ of ameloblast
Apical, secretory end
186
Enamel mineralization is _______ resulting in highly calcified enamel rods or prisms
Non-uniform
187
Because enamel mineralization is non-uniform it results in:
Highly calcified enamel rods or prisms
188
The highly calcified enamel rods/prisms are ______ in shape
Roughly hexagonal
189
The enamel rods/prisms are separated by less mineralized:
Interprismatic material
190
Enamel rods extend from ameloblasts at ______ to ______
Enamel surface to dentino-enamel junction
191
The bulk of the tooth is composed of less mineralized:
Dentine
192
Dentine is ____ in origin
Mesodermal
193
Dentine is secreted by ____ of _____ as non-mineralized ______
Odontoblasts
Dental papilla
Pre-dentine
194
Dentine is chemically similar to _______ but more _____
Bone; mineralized
195
Dentine is comprised of around 70% _______
Hydroxyapatite crystals
196
In addition to hydroxyapapite crystals, Dentine also contains:
Type I collagen & GAGs
197
Dentine is arranged in:
Dentine tubules
198
Hollow parallele tubules radiating from the pulp cavity:
Dentine tubules
199
Dentine tubules radiate out from the:
Pulp cavity
200
Long cytoplasmic processes of odontoblasts contained within the pulp cavity:
Tome’s fibers
201
Dentin is initially secreted in a ____ form that is later ___
Unmineralized form
Mineralized
202
Central portion of the crown and roots that contain support structures
Pulp cavity
203
Support structures within the pulp cavity of the tooth include:
Sensory nerves & blood vessels
204
Dentine is interacted by:
Myelinated nerves
205
Dental pulp is ____ in origin
Mesodermal
206
Dental pulp resembles:
Primitive mesenchyme
207
What is dental pulp made of: (4)
1- stellate fibroblasts
2- collagen
3- ground substance
4- reticular fibers
208
Dental pulp is richly supplied by:
Capillaries from arterioles running with periodontal ligament
209
Richly supplied by capillaries from arterioles running with the periodontal ligament
Dental pulp
210
The tooth root is covered by a thin layer of:
Cementum
211
Cementum is ____ in origin
Mesodermal
212
Amorphous, collagen-based, calcified tissue that covered the tooth root
Cementum
213
Cementum is 45-50% comprised of _______
Hydroxyapatite
214
Cementum is manufactured by ____ that later mature into _____
Cementoblasts
Cementocytes
215
Cementoblasts & cementocytes are structurally & functionally similar to:
Osteoblast & osteocytes
216
Immature form of cementocytes:
Cementoblasts
217
The cementum layer anchored to the bone of alveolus with fiber of the:
Periodontal ligament
218
The periodontal ligament/membrane is composed of:
Dense collagenous fibers called sharpeys fibers
219
The dense collagenous fibers that comprise the periodontal ligament/membrane
Sharpeys fibers
220
Run at an oblique angle & support the tooth in the socket
Sharpeys fibers
221
Allows form slight movement of the tooth during mastication
Periodontal ligament
222
Clusters of epithelial cells occasionally seen within the periodontal ligament:
Vestigial epithelial rests of Malassez
223
The periodontal ligament allows for a little bit of rocking/rotation of the teeth to allow for better:
Occlusal contact or grinding
224
Region of the tooth between the root & crown is known as the:
Neck of the tooth
225
The neck of the tooth is protected by masticatory oral mucosa called the:
Gingiva
226
Gingiva is:
Masticatory oral mucosa that protects the neck of the tooth
227
The gingiva covers the upper portion of the:
Alveolar ridge
228
The two subcategories of gingiva include:
Attached gingiva & free gingiva
229
Gingiva that covers the upper alveolar bone:
Attached gingiva
230
Gingiva that forms the cuff around the neck of the tooth
Free gingiva
231
Space between the free gingiva & crown is called the:
Gingival sulcus or crevice
232
The gingival sulcus (crevice) is lined by:
Crevicular epithelium
233
Describe the crevicular epithelium:
Very thin- only 2-3 cells thick
234
Because the crevicular epithelium lining the gingival sulcus (crevice) is very thin, this allows it to be:
Easily breached by bacteria
235
When the crevicular epithelium is breached by bacteria this leads to:
Periodontal disease called gingivitis
236
Tissues that surround & support the tooth are collectively referred to as the:
Periodontium
237
The periodontium includes (4):
Epithelium, cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone
238
A tooth is formed between:
Two opposing layers of epithelial cells
239
The two opposing layers of epithelial cells that a tooth is formed between:
Ameloblasts of the enamel organ & odontoblasts of dental papilla
240
Origin of enamel
Ectodermal
241
Dentine, cementum, pulp & periodontal ligament are all of ____ origin
Mesodermal
242
Around the ______ week of development a horseshoe-shaped epithelial ridge arises form oral epithelial
Sixth
243
What arises around the week of fetal development
A horseshoe shaped epithelial ridge
244
Around the sixth week of development, the horseshoe-shaped epithelial ridge arises from:
Oral epithelium
245
The hotshot-shaped ridge that arises around the 6th week of development forms the ______ in the position of ______
Dental lamina
Future jaws
246
In each quadrant, lamina develops several:
Globular ectodermal swellings
247
One globular ectodermal swelling forms for:
Each deciduous tooth
248
The superficial half of the globular ectodermal swelling forms:
Enamel organs
249
The deep half of the globular, ectodermal swellings forms:
Dental papilla
250
The lamina develops several globular ectodermal swellings: (location)
In EACH quadrant
251
The enamel organ is initially _____ shaped in the ____ stage
Cup-shaped; cap stage
252
Cells of the enamel organ progressively differentiate & become _______ with ______
Stellate reticulum with extracellular matrix of GAGs
253
Cells of what origin differentiate into stellate reticulum with the extracellular matrix of GAGs
Enamel origin
254
The stellate reticulum later forms a ____ shaped structure during the _____ stage
Bell-shaped; bell stage
255
During the bell stage of odontogenesis:
the cells lining the outer, convex surface of enamel organ become the _______
The cells lining the concave surface of the enamel organ form the ______
External enamel epithelium
Internal enamel epithelium
256
During the bell stage of odontogenesis, the internal enamel epithelium differentiate into:
Tall, columnar ameloblasts
257
The process of enamel formation:
Amelogenesis
258
Describe the ameloblast & odontoblast layers & what happens here:
Ameloblast layer & odontoblast layer are in direct opposition of eachother & the tooth will form between these two layers
259
Deep to the developing enamel organs is ______ that develops into _____
Primitive mesenchyme; dental papilla
260
Where is the location of the primitive mesenchyme that develops into dental papilla?
Deep to the developing enamel organs
261
Cells lining the convex surface of the dental papilla develop into:
Odontoblasts
262
The process of Dentine formation:
Dentinogenesis
263
What teeth form in between the directly opposing ameloblast & odontoblasts layers?
The future incisors, canines & molars of primary dentition
264
Development of ameloblasts induced differentiation of ____
Odontoblasts
265
Development of _____ induces differentiation of odontoblasts
Ameloblasts
266
What induces the deposition of enamel?
Calcification
267
Development of ameloblasts induces differentiation of odontoblasts, but calcification of ____ induces deposition of ____
Dentin; enamel
268
Tooth formation is initiated by deposition of organic _______ by ______
Pre-Dentine; odontoblast
269
The deposition of organic pre-Dentine by odontoblasts to initiate tooth formation occurs on the surface of:
Dental papilla
270
Pre-Dentine is lateral calcified into:
Dentine
271
Calcification of dentine matrix secondarily induces:
Enamel production by ameloblasts
272
Odontoblasts have _______ embedded in the dentine matrix
Odontoblast processes
273
The odontoblast processes embedded in the dentine matrix form:
Dentine tubules
274
Enamel forms in mineralized columns of _____ separated by less mineralized ________
Enamel rods; interprismatic material
275
Subsequent to deposit of dentine & enamel, what happens to the dental lamina?
The dental lamina fragments & atrophies
276
What occurs at the time of tooth eruption?
The enamel organ & ameloblasts degenerate
277
When the tooth erupts what happens to the overlying mucosa?
It separates, exposing the crown
278
During tooth eruption, the dental papilla _______ to become the _____ that is surrounded by _____
Shrinks; dental pulp; dentine
279
What shrinks to become the dental pulp?
Dental papilla
280
After tooth eruption you no longer have the ability to:
Modify or repair it
281
After tooth formation is complete, small amounts of _____ continue to be produced
Secondary dentine
282
The small amounts of secondary dentine that continues to be produced following the completion of tooth formation maybe eventually:
Obliterate the pulp cavity
283
What determines the 3D shape of the tooth crown?
Overall shape of the enamel organ
284
The outter rim of the enamel is known as:
Epithelial sheath of Hertwig
285
The epithelial sheath of Hertwig may also be called:
Hertwig’s root sheath
286
What is responsible for determining the cross-sectional outline of the tooth:
Epithelial sheath of Hertwig (outter rim of enamel organ)
287
The surrounding mesenchyme of the enamel organ forms the _____ which further forms the _____
Dental follicle; periodontal ligament
288
Surrounding mesenchyme of the dental follicle=
Periodontal ligament
289
Enamel organs of permanent teeth develop as buds from the:
Dental lamina & deciduous enamel organ
290
_____ develop as buds from the dental lamina & deciduous enamel organ
Enamel organs of permanent teeth
291
In the case of ____, the dental lamina proliferates caudally to form enamel organs of secondary dentition
Molars
292
In the case of molars, the dental lamina proliferates ______ to form the enamel organs of _____
Caudally; secondary dentition
293
In humans tooth development begins:
The 6th week of fetal development
294
Tooth eruption in humans does not occur until:
6-30 months after birth
295
# of primary (deciduous) teeth:
20
296
In each quadrant there are ____ incisors, ____ canines, & _____ molars
2, 1, 2
297
# of roots on the incisors & canines
1 root each
298
The premolars usually have _____ roots
Two
299
The molars usually have ____ roots
2-4
300
Between the ages of 6-12, what occurs to the teeth?
The deciduous teeth are replaced by permanent dentition
301
How many permanent incisors, canines, and premolar are in each quadrant?
2, 1, 2
302
Why doesn’t tooth eruption doesn’t start until 6-30 months after birth?
To give baby time to feed off mother
303
When this drug is administered during the development of permanent detention it causes yellow discoloration of teeth- what drug is this & how does it do that?
Tetracycline- its incorporated into the enamel
304
Distally we get further development of _____ that erupt at 6, 12, & 18 years of age leading to a total of ____ teeth
3 molars
32 teeth
305
Human dental formula
I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3
306
Last tooth to erupt:
3rd molar
307
Most commonly there is not enough room in the jaw so the 3rd molar often times becomes ______ and results in the need to be ____
Impacted; removed
308
In the dental formula, the number in the numerator represents the teeth of the _____ while the number in the denominator represents the teeth in the _____
Upper jaw, lower jaw
309
All teeth are similar in:
Homodont dentition
310
Incisors are modified for:
Cutting & biting
311
Canines are modified for:
Puncturing & holding
312
Premolars & molars are generally used for:
Grinding
313
_____ allows lateral & anterior-posterior motion that is important in chewing & grinding
TMJ
314
Raised points on occlusal surfaces of molars & premolars are known as:
Cusps
315
The cusps on molars & premolars include (3)
Protocone
Metacone
Paracone
316
Flattened posterior surface of lower molars is known as:
Talonid
317
Premolars & molars can be low crowned or _____ in omnivores, or may be very tall, high crowned _____ as in herbivores
Bunodont
Hypsodont
318
Premolars can be sometimes modified as shearing teeth & this is called _____ and is often seen in _____
Carnassials; carnivores
319
Teeth continuously erupt throughout the lifetime of a animal with hypsodont dentition so this allows us to:
Predict age based on wear pattern of enamel
320
Superhypsadont dentition is characterized by ______ and is seen in _____
Continuous root growth
Rodents
321
Premolars will not come together for grinding purposes- instead there will be an _____ from upper & lower teeth to form a kind of scissor action
Opposing slant
322
A tooth plate in which all of the teeth fuse together in a solid mass is referred to as a _____ & is very effective for grinding in dinosaurs
Dental battery
323
Multitiberculates had a distinct dentition involving more anterior/posterior slack that created a ____ motion when eating
Mill wheel
324
The most commonly seen dental disorders include:
Abnormal eruption & misalignment
325
_____ is accomplished by osteoblast & osteoclast activity in the alveolus
Orthodontia
326
Orthodontia is accomplished by _____ & _____ activity in the ____
Osteoblast & osteoclast; alveolus
327
Results when weak acids in foods & drink erode calcified enamel
Dental caries
328
Dental caries are augmented by:
Bacterial action
329
_____ helps to harden the enamel & kills bacteria
Fluoride
330
Caries may extend into the dentine or pulp cavity which may produce ______ or ______
Abcesses or death of the tooth
331
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) can cause _____ by etching away at the enamel if taken on a daily basis in the chewable form
Dental caries
332
A root canal is necessary when:
The Carie’s extend into the pulp cavity & cause abcesses or death of the tooth
333
Caused by accumulation of calcified food & bacterial debris (plaque) in the gingival sulcus:
Periodontal disease
334
Periodontal disease leads to: (3)
1- widening of the gingival sulcus
2- possible inflammation
3- destruction of the periodontal ligament
335
Inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
336
Inflammation of the periodontal ligament
Periodontitis
337
Flossing decreases the accumulation of food & bacteria in the:
Gingival sulcus
