Accute Inflammation Flashcards
(56 cards)
What is acute inflammation
- response of living tissue to infection/damage
- develops quickly
- initiation for innate immunity
What are the three main processes involved in inflammation
- vascular dilation
- increased vascular permeability
- neutrophil activation and migration
What are the main causes of acute inflammation
- microbial infections
- physical agents
- irritant and corrosive chemicals
- tissue necrosis
What are some consequences of acute inflammation
- redness (rubor)
- heat (calor)
- pain (Dolor)
- loss of function
- swelling (tumor)
What is hyperaemia
Increased blood flow
What is oedema
Accumulation of fluid in extra vascular space
Describe acute inflammation in gingivitis
Initiation - microbes in dental plaque recognised by gingival epithelial cells via pattern recognition receptors
Progression - containment of microbes by innate immune cells and Antimicrobial compounds
Amplification - recruitment and activation of innate immune cells via chemokine/cytokine activity and vascular dilation
Resolution - healing and repair
No resolution - progression to periodontitis
Describe amplification in gingivitis
Bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cause redness, swelling and heat
Inflammatory cells migrate into tissues releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain
What are vascular responses to acute inflammation
- small blood vessels become dilated
- endothelial cells sweat and retract
- exudation - vessels become leaky and allow passage of water, salts and some proteins
What is an oedema
Defined as an excess of watery fluid collecting in cavities or tissues in the body
Inflammatory exudate provides the following to tissue…
- fluid and salts
- glucose and oxygen
- complement proteins and antibodies
- fibrin
Name some chemical mediators
- histamine
- bradykinin
- leukotrienes
- serotonin
- prostaglandins
Name protein mediators
- cytokines
- chemokines
What is the role of histamine
- role as a neurotransmitter - itching
- causes vascular dilation
What are prostaglandins
- produced by macrophages and neutrophils
- product of fatty acid metabolism
What is the role of prostaglandins
- causes vascular dilation
Multiple other roles in acute inflammation
- regulate cytokine production
- regulate cell recruitment
- act on nerve fibres
- involved in tissue remodelling
What plasma factors are involved in acute inflammation
- 4 proteolytic cascades
- complement
- the kinin system
- coagulation
- fibrinolytic system
What enzyme does ibroprofen target
Cyclo-ocygenase II
What are the three complement pathways
- classical pathway
- alternative pathway
- mannose binding lectin pathway (MBL)
Describe the Kinin system
- involves a number of plasma proteins/enzymes
- kallikrein is generated by hagemen factor
- neutrophils also engage in this system
- kallikrein converts kininogens to kinins
What are the three pathways of the coagulation system
- intrinsic
- extrinsic
- common
Describe the intrinsic pathway
Activates when the blood comes into contact with the sub endothelial connective tissue (outside blood vessel)
Describe the extrinsic factor
Damaged blood vessel means Human factor VII leaves vessel and encounters tissue factor in the surrounding tissue
Describe the common pathway
Production of thrombin which in turn produces fibrin
