Nutrition 3 Flashcards by Eilidh Breslin

What dental disorders can bad nutrition cause

-abnormal appearance of structures in the mouth
-dental caries
-periodontal disease
-gingivitis

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What is a primary nutritional deficiency caused by

-inadequate selection of food
-age, income, education

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What is a secondary nutritional deficiency caused by

-systematic disorder interfering with, ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, use of nutrients

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What nutrients are required for dental health

Calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A,C and D, flouride

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What nutrients are bad for dental health

CHO, sweet and sticky foods, sugars, carbonated drinks, fruit juices

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What are the consequences of vitamin D deficiency

-preeclampsia
-childhood dental caries
-periodontitis
-autoimmune disorders
-infectious diseases ect

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Why is vitamin D important in dentistry

It is relevant for mineral dentistry, it helps absorb, carry and deposit calcium in the bones that support your teeth

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What are macronutrients

carbohydrates
proteins
fats and oils (lipids)

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What are micronutrients

minerals
vitamins

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What does nutrition mean

Nutrition describes the processes whereby cellular organelles, cells, tissues, organs and the body as a whole obtain and use necessary substances obtained from foods (nutrients) to maintain structural and functional integrity

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What are the three classifications of carbohydrates

-monosaccharides
-disaccharides
-polysaccharides

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What are oligosaccharodes

3-8 sugars

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What is a polysaccharide

More than 8 sugars, starch, cellulose, beta glucan, arabinoxylan

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What is glucose present in

Honey, maple syrup and grape

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How much sugar is recommended in the diet

The who guidelines provide that <10% of energy intake should be obtained from free sugars

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What does the term free sugars mean

Includes all monosaccharides, disaccharides added to foods/beverages by the manufacturer, plus the sugars that are naturally present

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What is the recommended intake of free sugars in children and adolescents aged 2 to 18

<5% of energy should be obtained from free sugars

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What is a NSP

Also known as a dietary fibre (non starch polysaccharides) they can be soluble or insoluble, they absorb water in the GI tract and increase in time, they are used as fuel for bacterial metabolism

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What are some common characteristics of dietary fibre

Dietary fibre is sacchraides of plant origin, resistant to digestion and absorption in the small intestine, it is fermented in the colon to produce short chain fatty acids that are absorbed and metabolised in various parts of the body

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What can insulin and oligofructose be classed as

A mixture of oligo- and polysaccharides composed as fructose, they are known as fructans

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Insulin and oligofructose can be known as

Prebiotics

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How much dietary fibre is recommended

Daily intake of 25-35g for adults

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What is hydroylisis in terms of digestion

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basic process of digestion
major types of macronutrients in food are primarily digested by hydrolysis

R-R + H2O > R’OH + R’H

Describe how starch is digested

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Starch is first digested by amylase in pancreatic secretions (and saliva) to maltose, maltotriose (and limit dextrins)

What is the function of maltase

Cleaves maltose into molecules of glucose

What is lactase

Cleaves lactose into a glucose and a galactose

What is the function of sucrase

Cleaves sucrose into a glucose and a fructose

Where are monosaccharides absorbed

The small intestine

Where are olgosaccharides digested

in the large bowel absorbed as SCFA (eg insulin)

Where are polysaccharides absorbed

Starches are digested to maltose and glucose units absorbed as glucose in small intestine

What are salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase

Secreted enzymes

What can maltase, lactase, sucrase and isomaltase be described as

Interstinal surface enzymes

Describe primary lactose intolerance

Loss of lactase at weaning, lactose is not hydrolysed, passes to the bowel, metabolised to SCFA H2 in breath for lactose malabsorption

What is secondary lactose intolerance

Infection, illness, reduced lactate expression

What are the sugar transporters

- GLUT family 12 members, all facilitated (passive) transport - SGLT (sodium glucose transport) Move glucose from low to high concentration

What is fat

Refers to dietary triacyglycerols (triglycerides)

What are lipids

A group of water insoluble compounds of which tricylglycerols are the major form in the diet

What are triacylglycerols or triglycerides

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

What are phospholipids

Phosphorus + 2 fatty acids

What are sterols

Derived form fatty acids (eg cholesterol)

What are saturated fats

All C atoms are fully saturated with H atoms (no double bonds) associated with heart disease and cancer

What are unsaturated fats

Either monounsaturated (contains one C=C) Or polyunsaturated (more than one carbon double bond)

What is a cis fat

Cis fats have a configuration of double bonds in naturally unsaturated fats

What is a trans fat

Have at least one double bond in a trans configuration, industrially produced

What are some emulsification agents

Fatty acids, bile acids, protein ect

How are micelles formed

Breakdown from bile acids with fatty acids

How are fatty acids absorbed

At brush border lower pH at mucosa reduces solubility of lipid in micelles, they are absorbed by diffusion

What is a TAG

A triglyceride

What is the composition of newly secreted chylomicrons

Core - TAG, cholesterol esters Surface - unesterified cholestrol, phospholipids, apoprotein

How are proteins digested in the substances

Whole proteins are rarely absorbed, stomach pepsin digests 20% if proteins

Describe protein digestion in the small intestine

Hydrolysed within the lumen of the small intestine, predominantly into medium and small peptides

Name some proteases

Pepsin, trypsin ect

What are peptides

Interstinal surface enzymes

How are amino acids absorbed

Finish this later

What are the problems with fat digestion

- fats are insoluble in water - enzymes in aqueous phase - need to bring two together and break up fat globules

What does absorption of amino acids contribute to

Generating the osmotic gradient that drives water absorption

Describe peptide absorption

There is virtually no absorption of peptides longer than 4 amino acids, small peptides are absorbed into the small intestine

Nutrition 3 Flashcards

(57 cards)