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Cell Injury Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What is reversible cell injury

A
  • cells adapt to changes in the enviroment
  • return to normal once stimulus removed
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2
Q

What is irreversible cell injury

A
  • permanent
  • cell death as a consequence
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3
Q

What causes cell injury

A

Disease

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4
Q

What are the main factors of cell stress

A
  • dose intensity
  • cell vulnerability
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5
Q

What determines whether cell injury is reversible or irreversible

A
  • depends on type, duration, severity of injury
  • AND susceptibility/adaptability of the cell
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6
Q

What is hypoxia

A

Decreased oxygen supply

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7
Q

Name some causes of cell injury

A
  • hypoxia
  • physical agents
  • chemicals/drugs
  • infections
  • immunological reactions
  • nutritional imbalance
  • genetics
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8
Q

What can causes hypoxia

A

Anaemia, respiratory failure

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9
Q

During hypoxia what can cells do to release energy

A

Cells can release energy via anaerobic mechanisms
Wont last forever

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10
Q

What is ischaemia

A

Reduction of blood supply to tissue

This can be causes by a blockage of arterial supply or venous drainage

More rapid/severe damage than hypoxia no nutrients or oxygen transported

Anaerobic energy release will stop

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11
Q

What can mechanical trauma cause

A

Affects structure, cell membranes

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12
Q

What can extremes of temperature effect

A

Affects proteins, chemical reactoons

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13
Q

What can ionising radiations cause

A

DNA damage

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14
Q

What can electric shocks cause in cell injury

A

Burns

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15
Q

Give some examples of infectious agents

A
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • viruses
  • parasites
  • protons

Can all produce cell injury

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16
Q

Some chemicals can cause …

A

Osmotic disturbance in excess

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17
Q

Name some immunological reactions that can cause cell injury

A
  • anaphylaxis
  • autoimmune reactions
  • causes damage as a result of inflammation
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18
Q

How can nutrition cause cell injury

A

Too little
- can cause rickets, scurvy
- generalised anorexia
Too much
- hypervitaminosis A/D
- obesity

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19
Q

Name some genetic defects that cause cell injury

A
  • sickle cell anemia
  • inborn error of metabolism
  • cancer
  • subtle variations that can cause cell injury
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20
Q

What happens to cells during reversible injury

A
  • aerobic respiration/ATP synthesis effected
  • plasma membrane integrity
  • enzyme and structural protein synthesis
  • DNA maintaineece
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21
Q

What is cloudy swelling

Study These Flashcards
A

During reversible cell injury ion pumps effected - sodium ion pump when the function is effected sodium and water will move into the cell as a result the cytoplasm and cell organelles will swell up

22
Q

What are the causes of fatty liver

Study These Flashcards
A
  • alcohol abuse
  • diabetes
  • obesity
23
Q

Explain fatty change in response to cell injury

Study These Flashcards
A

Accumulation of lipid vascuoles in cytoplasm caused by disruption of fatty acid metabolism so that triglycerides cannot be released from the cell especially in the liver

24
Q

What is necrosis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • cell death
  • usually due to pathology
  • irreversible cell injury
  • Intracellular protein desaturation and lysosomal digestion of the cell
  • inflammatory response in surrounding tissue
  • histological changes take a while to appear
25
What response occurs in the surrounding tissues in nercosis
Inflammation
26
What are some nuclear changes of nercrosis
Pykynosis = nucleus shrinks, darker staining Karyorrhexis = nuclear fragments Karyolysis= the blue staining DNA in nucleus is digested by endonucleases and the blue staining fades away
27
What is coagulatuev necrosis
- no proteolysis of the dead cell due to the denaturation of enzymes, architecture of tissues is preserved for some days - no nucleus, eosinophilic cells - cells digested by lysosomes of leukocytes
28
What is liquefactive necrosis (colliquative)
- digestion of dead tissues so tissue in liquid viscous state - focal bacteria pr fungal infections - pus - CNS necrosis as a result of hypoxia often manifested as liquefactive nercrosis
29
What is Caseous necrosis
- white appearance - Tuberculous infection - formation of granuloma as a result of mass apoptosis surrpunded by inflammatory cells
30
What is fibrinoid necrosis
- special type of necrosis in blood vessels - immune complexes are deposited in artery walls together with fibrin (clotting factor) that leaks out of the vessels
31
Name some effects of necrosis
- functional depends on organ/tissue - inflammation - release of cell contents activates inflammation - cell remains phagocytosed - necrotic area replaced by a scar - if remains not removed calcium salts may be deposited in the area
32
Why may calcium salts be deposited in the remains of necrotic tissue
If all the remains of the cell are not removed
33
What is apoptosis
Programmed cell death Requires energy Does not cause inflammation Gets rid of unwanted cells
34
What enzyme causes apoptosis
Capsases
35
Name some physiological roles of apoptosis
- deletion of cell populations during embryogenesis - hormone change - cell deletion in proliferating cells - epithelial cells - deletion of inflammatory cells - deletion of self reactive lymphocytes
36
What can too much apoptosis cause
Degenerative diseases
37
What can too little apoptosis cause
Cancer
38
What is gangrenous necrosis
Coagulative necrosis with superimposed bacterial infection - liquefactive nercosis
39
What is fat necrosis
Focal areas of fat destruction, fat cells may be liquefied by activate pancreatic enzymes (acute pancreatitis)
40
What are some pathological triggers of apoptosis
- Hypoxia/ischemia - viral infection - DNA damage - if unrepairable p5£ triggers apoptosis - caspases are activated enzymes that trigger apoptosis - cell contents are degraded by enzymes activated by the cell
41
What affects does apoptosis have on cells
- cell shrinkage - fragmentation into nucleoside size fragments - interact, altered structure especially orientation of lipids - interact- may be released in apoptic bodes - no adjacent inflammation - often physiologic
42
What is atherosclerosis
Accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages and smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls
43
What are the macrophages called that accumulate around cholestrol
Foam cells
44
What is amyloid
Amyloid is a fibrillar protein material that is deposited as a result of pathologic processes leading to increased production of these proteins Deposited in extracellular location (mostly on basement membrane) in various tissues and organs
45
What are the types of Amyloid
AL (amyloid light chain) AA (amyloid associated) Abeta
46
What is AL
Amyloid light chain, derived from light chain immunoglobulins from plasma cells
47
what is AA
Amyloid associated - derived from proteins synthesised in the liver
48
What is A beta
Amyloid beta causes Alzheimer’s disease
49
What is the stimuli for Alzheimer’s disease
Chronic inflammation, multiple myeloma, ageing, drug abuse
50
What is exogenous pathological pigmentation
- carbon deposition-commonest - in macrophages in alveoli of lungs - black pigment = anthracosis - inhaled soot/smoke - in coal workers - tattoos - heavy metal salts - pigmentation associated with intravascular drug use
51
What is pathologic calcification
- dystrophic - deposits of calcium in necrotic tissue - metastatic - deposits of calcium salts in normal, vital tissue with raised serum calcium levels, often seen in connective tissue of blood vessels, can compromise function of tissue
52
What are some causes of raised serum calcium
1) increased level of PTH (hyperparathyroidism) parathyroid gland tumour 2) destruction of bone tissue - leukaemia, metastasis to bone, immobilisation 3) excess vitamin D 4) renal failure

BAMS (41 decks)

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