Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BAMS > Haemostais, Haemorrhage And Shock > Flashcards

Haemostais, Haemorrhage And Shock Flashcards

(45 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does excessive blood loss result in

A
  • medical emergency
  • impaired delivery of nutrients to cells
  • state is called shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Immediate physiological response to blood loss

A

Stop the bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Short term physiological responses to blood loss

A

Restore blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Medium term physiological responses to blood loss

A

Restore fluid volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Long term physiological response to blood loss

A

Replace blood constituents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What components are involved in immediate blood loss control

A
  • vascular response
  • platelet response
  • plasma response (coagulation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the vascular response to immediate blood loss

A
  • smooth muscle : spasm due to trauma, myogenic response, humoral factors (vasoconstrictors)
  • endothelium : platelet adhesion and aggregation, anti clotting and fibrinolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What induces the platelet response to blood loss

A

Damage to blood vessel > turbulent blood flow > platelets come into contact with the vessel wall (collagen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the platelet response immediately after blood loss

A
  • platelets adhere - clump together
  • release chemicals that cause further aggregation (positive feedback)
  • formation of platelet plug
  • effective in sealing small blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the process of a platelet plug forming

A

Damaged blood vessel causes platelets to aggregate and release chemicals which results in the platelet plug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes vasoconstriction in the platelet plug

A

Thromboxane A2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe coagulation in the immediate response to blood loss

A
  • various plasma proteins and tissue components combine to convert fibrinogen > fibrin to form the blood clot
  • numerous clotting factors are involved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are the clotting factors made

A

Many made in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What vitamin is required for synthesis of clotting factors

A

Vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The clotting factors are involved in…

A

An enzyme cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What disease can affect the production of clotting factors

A

Liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What deficiency can affect the production of clotting factors

A

Vitamin K deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Examples of blood clotting factors

A

I - Fibrinogen
II - prothrombin
III - tissue factor (thromboplastin)
IV - calcium ions
V - proaccelerin
VI - calcium ions ???? Doesnt exist
VII - proconvertin
VIII - antihaemophilic globulin
IX - Christmas factor
X - Stuart-prower factor
XI - plasma thromboplastin antecedent
XII - Hageman factor
XIII - Laki-Lorand factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the intrinsic coagulation pathway

Study These Flashcards
A
  • vascular damage
  • contact activation involving factors : XII, XI, IX, VIII
20
Q

What converts factor X to factor Xa

Study These Flashcards
A

Phospholipid and calcium ions

21
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway

Study These Flashcards
A
  • tissue damage
  • tissue factors (tissue thromboplastin) factor VII
22
Q

Where is the extrinsic pathway more important

Study These Flashcards
A

Seems to be more important in initiating clotting after an injury

23
Q

Where is the intrinsic system more important

Study These Flashcards
A

Serves to maintain the process once it has started
(Extrinsic pathway first)

24
Q

Plasminogen is converted to…

Study These Flashcards
A

Plasmin by a plasminogen activator

25
Fibrin is converted into
Soluble fibrin fragments by plasmin
26
Describe the short term response to blood pressure
- loss of blood volume - fall in blood pressure - compensatory mechanisms triggered by the arterial baroreceptors - these mechanisms aim to restore the blood pressure
27
What mediates baroreceptor reflexes
Mediated by - sympathetic nerves - hormones : adrenaline, angiotensin II, vasopressin (ADH)
28
Decrease in blood pressure results in ….
Decrease in baroreceptor firing > CVS centres brainstem > increase in sympathetic NS activity > increase heart rate >increases cardiac output > increases mean arterial blood pressure
29
What is the most important function of a haemorrhage
Increasing mean arterial pressure
30
Describe medium term responses to blood loss
Restore blood loss by - shifting interstitial fluid back into blood vessels - decreasing fluid loss in kidney - increasing fluid intake
31
What does a decrease of fluid loss in the kidney cause
Decrease in glomerular filtration Increase in reabsorption of Na+ and H20 by stimulating the release of - renin-angiotensin aldosterone - antidiuretic hormone Both vasoconstrictors
32
What hormone drives erythropoesis
Erthyropoietin (EPO) which is a glycoprotein cytokine
33
What causes erythropoietin
Decrease in red blood cell numbers > decrease in oxygen levels > kidney > erythropoietin > red bone marrow > increase in red blood cell production
34
What is shock
Shock is characterised by inadequate blood flow to tissues Often associated with decreased cardiac output, decreased blood or ECF volume
35
Describe hypovolaemic shock
Decrease in extracellular fluid volume, due to haemorrhage, sweating, diarrhoea, burns, ect
36
Describe low resistance (or distributive) shock
Decrease in peripheral resistance, due to widespread vasodilation eg anaphylactic shock
37
Describe cardiogenic shock
Heart fails as a pump
38
Describe the long term responses to blood loss
- restore plasma proteins (released from liver 3-4 days)
39
Describe the stimuli associated with first
Increases plasma osmolarity > decreases ECF volume Angiotensin II also promotes thirst Dry mouth
40
Describe how medium term responses restore blood volume
- shifting interstitial fluid back into blood vessels - decreasing fluid loss in kidney - increasing fluid intake
41
Renin converts…
Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
42
What converts Angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
43
Increase in aldosterone release causes
Increases Na+ and H20 reabsorption in DCT and cortical collecting ducts
44
Decrease in plasma volume…
Decrease in plasma volume> decrease baroreceptor distension > increases ADH release (post pituitary) > increases H2) permeability of collecting ducts
45
Increase in plasma osmolarity…
Increases osmoreceptor activation > increases ADH release (post pituitary) > increasing H20 permeability of collecting ducts

BAMS (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions