Acetylcholine

Question 1

PNS

Answer 1

NMJs and autonomous nervous systems

Question 2

NMJs

Answer 2

the motor nerve and skeletal muscle

Question 3

Autonomous nervous systems

Answer 3

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 4

CNS

Answer 4

• interneurons in the stiatum
• basal forebrain cholinergic system
• Dorsolateral pons

Question 5

Acetylcholine

Answer 5

Acetyl-CoA + Choline (by ChAT) > Actylcholine + CoA

Question 6

AChE

Answer 6

• breakdown of Ach
• Inside presynaptic terminal breakdown excess Ach
• on post synaptic membrane to provide transmission temporal and spatial precision

Question 7

Choline

Answer 7

Acetylcholine (by AChE) > acetic acid and choline

Question 8

Physostihmine

Answer 8

• from calabar bean seeds
• cross BBB
• poisoning symptoms

Question 9

Neostigmine and pyridostigmine

Answer 9

synthetic
doesnt cross BBB
used to treat myasthenia gravis

Question 10

Sarin and Soman

Answer 10

• irreversible
• cross BBB
• sweating, vominting, death
• antidote: pyridostigmine competitive

Question 11

VAChT

Answer 11

Vesicular acetylcholine transporter

Question 12

VAChT blocker

Answer 12

Versamicol

Question 13

Choline transporter

Answer 13

sustains ACh synthesis by recycling choline

Question 14

Nicotinic receptors

Answer 14

all have 5 subtypes from 10 alpha subtypes, 4 beta, gamma delta e

Question 15

NMJ nAChR

Answer 15

2 alpha 1 beta 1 gamma and 1 other

Question 16

Neuronal nAChR

Answer 16

2 alpha 3 beta
5 alpha

Question 17

Nicotonic receptors physiological effects in NMJs

Answer 17

NMJS- muscle contraction, breathing, movements

Question 18

Nicotinic receptors with autonomous systems

Answer 18

direct activation of nAChRs in autonomic ganglia > heart rate and blood pressure increase, increased bowel muscle contractions, hydrocholic acid
stimulate adrenaline and NA release from adrenal glad > heart rate increase and BP
Increase in metabolic rate and appetite supression > less body weight

Question 19

Nicotinic receptors in CNS

Answer 19

mood - heightened tension/ arousal
cognition - enhanced cognitive and motor tasks

Question 20

Reinforcing effects

Answer 20

dopaminergic pathway

Question 21

Varen tartrate

Answer 21

partial agonist

Question 22

galantamine hydrobromide

Answer 22

cholinesterase inhibitor and non competitive agonist of nAChRs

Question 23

Succinylcholine

Answer 23

agonist for NMJ nAChR
powerful muscle relaxant
need to be on ventilator

Question 24

Ganglion blocker

Answer 24

antagonist
mecamylamine
used to treat resistant hypertension

Question 25

neuromuscular blocking

Answer 25

antagonist curare antagoinst for NMJs low selectectivity for CNS Not used clincally

Question 26

Muscarinic receptors

Answer 26

5 subtypes M1-M5 G protein couples metabotropic receptors

Question 27

M2Rs

Answer 27

on cardiac muscle > decrease heart rate and contraction strength

Question 28

M3Rs

Answer 28

On smooth muscle cells > cause contraction

Question 29

M3Rs on beta cells of pancreas

Answer 29

insulin secretion

Question 30

Muscarinic receptor

Answer 30

agonist > mascarine tearing, salvation, sweating antagoinst > antropine used to counteract poisoning from muscarinic agonists

Question 32

What is addiction?

Answer 32

a brain disorder characterised by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences

Question 33

Withdrawl

Answer 33

- anxiety - irritability - frustration - decreased heart rate

Question 34

how do addictive drugs work

Answer 34

enhance DA release in the VTA to the NAcc pathway

Question 35

Tobacco also inhibits

Answer 35

MAO

Question 36

The nicotinic receptors do what

Answer 36

in the reward system mediate the reinforcing effects

Question 37

Repeated exposure leads to

Answer 37

tolerance by densensitization of nAChRs

Question 38

Chronic tolerance

Answer 38

up regulation of nAChR

Question 39

Solomon's opponent process theory

Answer 39

two stage neuroadaptation in the VTA, Nacc and amygdala

Question 40

Impulsive stage

Answer 40

new smoker - positive reinforcement through the reward system suppressed in experienced smokers

Question 41

Compulsive stage

Answer 41

- dynorphin further inhibits DA release - negative reinforcement circuit recruited activating NE and amygdala

Question 42

PFC-NAcc glutamatergic pathway altered

Answer 42

response inhibition and impulse control compromised

Question 43

How does smoking become a habit

Answer 43

PFC dorsal striatum projection strengthened

Question 44

After its a habit

Answer 44

reduced grey matter and neural activity in PFC

Question 45

Increased nicotine intake

Answer 45

normal pleasure reduced

Question 46

Pharmacological interventions for nicotine

Answer 46

Bupropin > anti depressant, nAChR antagonist so less cigarette cravings Varenicline: moderately activates the nAChR