Basal ganglia

Question 1

What is responsible for the hierarchical organisation of motor control

Answer 1

spinal cord, brain, cortex

Question 2

What influences cortical and brainstem motor systems?

Answer 2

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 3

What does basal ganglia regulate?

Answer 3

movement via regulating the activity of upper motor circuits

Question 4

What is the net effect of dopamine?

Answer 4

movement

Question 5

Who and when was huntingtons discovered

Answer 5

1872 and george

Question 6

where is the htt mutation

Answer 6

chromosome 4

Question 7

How is HD biphasic?

Answer 7

Early phaseLoss of GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that project to the external globus pallidus (GPe) these are part of the indirect pathway

- **Later phase**: Neurons projecting to the internal globus pallidus (GPi) (direct pathway) are also affected.Those that project to the external globus pallidum are more involved than those that project to the internal globus pallidum.

Question 8

Symptoms of HD

Answer 8

chorea
disturbance of gait
slurred speech
dystonia
dysphagia
cognitive and behavioural changes

Question 9

What is hemiballismus

Answer 9

rare movement disorder - flinging movemnets

Question 10

What causes hemiballismus ?

Answer 10

lesions to the SN of basal ganglia - lesions due to stroke or something

Question 11

How to treat HD?

Answer 11

dopamine depleters