Acid-Base Interpretation

Question 1

Nearly all biochemical reactions in the body require a balanced _________ status to maintain protein conformation

Answer 1

acid-base

Question 2

acids produce ___ ions in water and bases produce ___

Answer 2

H+

OH-

Question 3

what is the normal pH range for blood?

Answer 3

7.35-7.45

Question 4

do strong acids or bases always dissociate in water?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

what is the biggest buffer source in the body?

Answer 5

bone

Question 6

what are the two major organ systems that effect pH?

Answer 6

lungs and kidneys

Question 7

which organ system is responsible for quick changes and volatile acids?

Answer 7

lungs

Question 8

which organ system is responsible for slow changes and non-volatile acids

Answer 8

kidneys

Question 9

what are the normal levels for PCO2 in arterial and venous blood?

Answer 9

Arterial: 40 mmHg
Venous: 45 mmHg

Question 10

why is PCO2 higher in venous blood?

Answer 10

because your body produces some

Question 11

changes in PaCO2 result in ______ acid-base disturbances

Answer 11

respiratory

Question 12

changes in HCO3- result in a ______ acid-base disturbance

Answer 12

metabolic

Question 13

describe LeChatlier’s principle

Answer 13

when stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, then the balance is shifted in the direction to relieve that stress

Question 14

which buffering system is the most important due to its variation in a regulated manner?

Answer 14

HCO3- CO2 buffering system

Question 15

what is the first step in ABG analysis?

Answer 15

is it acidemia or alkalemia

Question 16

if the PaCO2 and the pH values change in the same direction, the disturbance is _______

Answer 16

metabolic

Question 17

if the PACO2 and pH change in different directions, the disturbance is _______

Answer 17

respiratory

Question 18

how do you calculate an acute respiratory change in pH?

Answer 18

change in pH = change in PaCO2 x 0.008

Question 19

anion gap is associated with metabolic or respiratory or metabolic disturbances?

Answer 19

metabolic

Question 20

what is the formula for determining anion gap and what are the normal values?

Answer 20

AG = Na - (Cl + HCO3)

12 +/- 4 = normal non-gap acidosis

Question 21

what is anion gap used for?

Answer 21

to determine if a metabolic acidosis is due to an accumulation of non-volatile acids or a net loss of bicarbonate

Question 22

when calculating the expected pH, if it is different than the measured pH, what is true?

Answer 22

there is a secondary disorder and it is metabolic

Question 23

if the expected PaCO2 is different that the measured PaCO2, what is true?

Answer 23

there is a secondary disorder and it is metabolic

Question 24

inadequate or excessive compensation suggests what?

Answer 24

an additional disturbance

Question 25

non-gap acidosis is generally associated with what to causes?

Answer 25

GI Losses and Renal Tubular Acidosis

Question 26

anion gap is usually caused by what?

Answer 26

MUDPILES
Methanol
Uremia
DKA
Paraldehyde
Isoniazide
Lactic Acidosis
Ethanol
Salicylates

Question 27

which fluid has the “perfect” pH?

Answer 27

Plasmalyte

Question 28

what is the first step in treating non-gap acidosis?

Answer 28

give fluids

Question 29

what are two common causes for respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 29

pain and anxiety

–> increase MV –> decrease EtCO2 –> increase pH

Question 30

what is the normal range for HCO3 in the blood?

Answer 30

22-26

Question 31

name 3 chemical buffers in body fluids and where they work.

Answer 31

Bicarbonate (extracellular buffer)
phosphate ( renal tubule fluid and extracellular buffer)
proteins (intracellular buffer)

Question 32

what are the 4 primary acid-base disorders?

Answer 32

respiratory acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis

Question 33

what is DKA?

Answer 33

DKA results from a shortage of insulin; in response the body switches to burning fatty acids and producing acidic ketone bodies that cause most of the symptoms and complications

Question 34

what is Lactic acidosis?

Answer 34

physiological condition characterized by low
pH in body tissues and blood (acidosis) accompanied by the buildup of lactate, and is considered a distinct form of metabolic acidosis.
-typically occurs when cells receive too little oxygen (hypoxia). –> impaired cellular respiration leads to lower pH levels.
-cells are forced to metabolize glucose anaerobically, which leads to lactate formation. Therefore, elevated lactate is indicative of tissue hypoxia, hypoperfusion, and possible damage

Question 35

What is Alcoholic ketoacidosis?

Answer 35

the buildup of ketones in the blood. Ketones are a type of acid that form when the body breaks down fat for energy

Question 36

Renal tubular acidosis?

Answer 36

RTA is an accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of the kidneys to appropriately acidify the urine