Activity and Mobility Flashcards

Question

What are Cartilaginous Joints also known as?

Answer 1

Amphiarthrodial ## Footnote These joints are slightly movable.

Answer 2

No joint cavity; bones connected by cartilage ## Footnote This allows for slight movement.

Answer 3

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs ## Footnote These joints provide limited mobility.

Answer 4

Diarthrodial ## Footnote These joints are freely movable.

Answer 5

Joint cavity with synovial fluid; lined with synovium ## Footnote This structure allows for a wide range of motion.

Answer 6

Synovial joints ## Footnote They allow for a wide range of motion.

Answer 7

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation (multi-directional) ## Footnote This allows for a wide range of movement.

Answer 8

Shoulder, hip ## Footnote These joints facilitate multi-directional movement.

Answer 9

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction ## Footnote These joints permit movement in two planes.

Answer 10

Wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints, knee ## Footnote These joints allow for various movements.

Answer 11

Sliding motions (some flexion, extension, abduction, adduction) ## Footnote These joints allow limited movement.

Answer 12

Carpals (wrist), tarsals (feet) ## Footnote These joints facilitate sliding movements.

Answer 13

Flexion, extension ## Footnote These joints primarily allow bending and straightening.

Answer 14

Elbow, knee (also allows slight rotation), ankle ## Footnote These joints are characterized by a single plane of motion.

Answer 15

Rotation only ## Footnote These joints enable rotational movement around a single axis.

Answer 16

Atlas-axis (neck), radioulnar joint ## Footnote These joints facilitate rotational movements.

Answer 17

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, opposition ## Footnote These joints allow for a variety of movements.

Answer 18

Thumb (trapezium and first metacarpal) ## Footnote These joints allow for opposition, which is unique to the thumb.

Answer 19

Joints that allow the greatest degree of movement. ## Footnote Synovial joints are also known as diarthroses.

Answer 20

Smooth layers of hyaline cartilage. ## Footnote Hyaline cartilage is essential for reducing friction in joints.

Answer 21

A tough joint capsule. ## Footnote The joint capsule helps maintain the integrity of the joint.

Answer 22

Synovium. ## Footnote The synovium plays a crucial role in joint function.

Answer 23

Synovial fluid. ## Footnote Synovial fluid is vital for lubrication in joints.

Answer 24

Creates a slippery film that reduces friction between the two opposing bones. ## Footnote This fluid is essential for smooth joint movement.

Answer 25

Cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. ## Footnote These structures work together to maintain joint integrity.

Answer 26

Hyaline cartilage. ## Footnote Hyaline cartilage is glistening and white in appearance.

Answer 27

Absorbs shock and enables smooth movement. ## Footnote It is crucial for joint function and longevity.

Answer 28

From the synovial fluid. ## Footnote This is important for the health of the cartilage.

Answer 29

Small sacs lined with synovial membrane. ## Footnote Bursae help reduce friction in joints.

Answer 30

At joints and bony prominences. ## Footnote Their positioning is crucial for protecting surrounding structures.

Answer 31

Prevent friction between bone and adjacent structures (like muscles, tendons, or skin). ## Footnote They are essential for smooth movement.

Answer 32

Inflammation of bursae causing pain and swelling. ## Footnote Bursitis can significantly affect joint function.

Answer 33

Provides additional padding at joints to protect and cushion structures. ## Footnote Fat helps absorb impact and reduce stress on joints.

Answer 34

A category of arthritis that includes diseases like Rheumatoid Arthritis and Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, characterized by joint inflammation and pain. ## Footnote Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease, while Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) affects children with some differences in presentation.

Answer 35

Also known as Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD), it is a noninflammatory, degenerative disease characterized by wear and tear of cartilage. ## Footnote OA leads to joint pain and stiffness, being the most common form of arthritis.

Answer 36

A metabolic disease caused by the deposition of urate crystals in joints, leading to inflammation and pain. ## Footnote It is classified under Inflammatory / Metabolic Arthritis.

Answer 37

Inflammation, pain, stiffness, decreased range of motion (ROM), joint damage. ## Footnote Symptoms can vary based on the type of arthritis.

Answer 38

Cartilage degrades due to aging or injury, leading to joint space narrowing and potential formation of osteophytes. ## Footnote Severe cases may also involve synovitis.

Answer 39

Aging, genetics. ## Footnote Secondary causes include injury, obesity, joint overuse, and metabolic/blood disorders.

Answer 40

Knees, hips, spine (L3-4, C4-6), hands (PIP, DIP), feet. ## Footnote OA usually presents unilaterally.

Answer 41

Chronic joint pain/stiffness worsens with activity, crepitus, joint enlargement (Heberden/Bouchard nodes), muscle atrophy. ## Footnote Symptoms improve with rest.

Answer 42

X-ray, MRI, normal labs (ESR/CRP may be slightly elevated if synovitis). ## Footnote Imaging helps assess joint damage.

Answer 43

Acetaminophen. ## Footnote NSAIDs may be used for inflammation.

Answer 44

Total joint arthroplasty (TJA). ## Footnote This surgical option is considered when conservative management fails.

Answer 45

A chronic systemic autoimmune disease that primarily targets synovial joints. ## Footnote RA leads to significant joint damage and systemic effects.

Answer 46

Autoantibodies (RF) lead to synovial inflammation and pannus formation, resulting in joint and bone destruction. ## Footnote This process contributes to the chronic nature of RA.

Answer 47

Symmetrical involvement of PIP & MCP joints, wrists, cervical spine, and TMJ in severe cases. ## Footnote DIP joints are usually spared.

Answer 48

Fatigue, joint pain/swelling, low-grade fever, anorexia. ## Footnote Early recognition is crucial for effective management.

Answer 49

Deformities (Boutonniere, Swan neck), morning stiffness, nodules, systemic involvement. ## Footnote Symptoms can affect multiple organ systems.

Answer 50

X-rays, CT, MRI, arthrocentesis, and labs showing elevated RF, ANA, ESR. ## Footnote Diagnosis often requires a combination of imaging and lab tests.

Answer 51

DMARDs (e.g., methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine), BRMs, NSAIDs, corticosteroids. ## Footnote Non-drug management includes rest and joint protection.

Answer 52

A systemic form of arthritis resulting from urate crystal buildup due to purine metabolism error. ## Footnote Gout typically affects small joints, with the big toe being the most common.

Answer 53

Joint fluid analysis showing urate crystals. ## Footnote This confirms the diagnosis of gout.

Answer 54

Well controlled with medications. ## Footnote Management often includes urate-lowering therapies.

Answer 55

A type of arthritis caused by physical joint injury. ## Footnote Management may require total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Answer 56

A rapidly developing, chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of the joints ## Footnote RA is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease process that primarily affects the synovial joints.

Answer 57

RA is a systemic disease, whereas osteoarthritis is primarily a localized, degenerative joint problem ## Footnote RA involves inflammation and can affect multiple joints throughout the body.

Answer 58

Marked by periods of exacerbations and remissions ## Footnote These fluctuations can lead to varying levels of pain and joint function.

Answer 59

Leads to progressive destruction, deformity, and disability ## Footnote Once joint damage occurs, it is irreversible except by surgery.

Answer 60

Primarily affects young to middle-aged adults ## Footnote A juvenile form of the disease also exists.

Answer 61

Possible genetic factors contribute to susceptibility ## Footnote Genetics may influence an individual's risk of developing RA.

Answer 62

Inflammatory response in joints leads to cell destruction and joint damage ## Footnote This process contributes to the symptoms and progression of the disease.

Answer 63

Essential to limit permanent damage ## Footnote Early intervention can help manage symptoms and slow disease progression.

Answer 64

Synovium thickens ## Footnote The thickening of the synovium is an early sign of inflammation in RA.

Answer 65

Joint becomes inflamed ('hot', red, swollen) ## Footnote Inflammation is characterized by increased blood flow and swelling.

Answer 66

Fluid accumulates ## Footnote This can lead to increased pressure and pain in the joint.

Answer 67

Neutrophils and inflammatory cells ## Footnote These cells contribute to the breakdown of cartilage.

Answer 68

Abnormal granulation tissue filled with immune/inflammatory cells ## Footnote Pannus formation is a key feature in the progression of RA.

Answer 69

Immune complexes and activated osteoclasts ## Footnote These factors lead to the invasion and erosion of cartilage.

Answer 70

Erosion of cartilage → exposure and erosion of bone ## Footnote This phase leads to significant joint damage.

Answer 71

Fibrous adhesions ## Footnote These adhesions can limit joint movement.

Answer 72

Bony ankylosis, malalignment, joint deformities ## Footnote These changes can severely affect mobility and functionality.

Answer 73

Secondary osteoporosis ## Footnote This increases the risk of fractures.

Answer 74

Rheumatoid factors (RFs) ## Footnote RFs attack healthy tissue, particularly the synovium.

Answer 75

IL-1, TNF-α ## Footnote These cytokines play a crucial role in the inflammatory process.

Answer 76

Bony ankylosis

Answer 77

False ## Footnote Osteoporosis is a secondary effect due to chronic inflammation and disuse.

Answer 78

Bilateral pain and swelling in the fingers and joints closest to the hands (proximal interphalangeal joints) ## Footnote RA primarily affects the small joints of the hands and feet.

Answer 79

* Ankles * Cervical spine * Elbows * Hips * Knees * Shoulders ## Footnote RA can lead to inflammation in multiple joints throughout the body.

Answer 80

Several hours ## Footnote Morning stiffness in RA is a hallmark symptom and significantly differs from stiffness in other conditions.

Answer 81

In osteoarthritis, stiffness usually resolves within 30–60 minutes ## Footnote This distinction helps in diagnosing the type of arthritis.

Answer 82

Yes, it can affect almost every body system ## Footnote RA is a systemic disease that may involve various organs and systems.

Answer 83

* Fatigue * Sporadic fevers * General malaise * Weight loss * Anemia * Lymph node enlargement ## Footnote Systemic symptoms indicate the overall effect of the disease on the body.

Answer 84

* Dry mouth * Dry eyes * Dry vagina * Due to salivary gland dysfunction ## Footnote Sjogren's Syndrome is often associated with autoimmune conditions.

Answer 85

* Small lumps of tissue under the skin * Commonly appear on: * Fingers * Elbows * Forearms * Knees * Backs of heels ## Footnote Rheumatoid nodules are indicative of more severe disease.

Answer 86

* Generalized weakness * Fatigue ## Footnote These symptoms can progress if not managed properly.

Answer 87

* Extreme fatigue * Mild-to-moderate anemia ## Footnote Fatigue can significantly impact quality of life in advanced stages.

Answer 88

* Anorexia * Moderate-to-severe weight loss ## Footnote Weight loss is often due to systemic effects of the disease.

Answer 89

Persistent low-grade fever ## Footnote Fever may worsen during flare-ups.

Answer 90

* Ulnar forearm * Fingers * Achilles tendon ## Footnote These nodules are associated with more severe disease.

Answer 91

Affects small to medium-sized vessels ## Footnote Can lead to ischemic skin lesions and ulcerations.

Answer 92

* Foot drop * Paresthesias (burning, tingling) ## Footnote This is due to decreased circulation affecting nerves.

Answer 93

* Pleurisy * Pneumonitis * Interstitial fibrosis * Pulmonary hypertension ## Footnote Felty Syndrome is an advanced complication that may involve these respiratory issues.

Answer 94

* Pericarditis * Myocarditis ## Footnote These complications can have serious implications for overall health.

Answer 95

* Iritis * Scleritis * Red sclera * Irregular pupil shape * Possible visual disturbances ## Footnote Ocular symptoms can significantly affect vision and comfort.

Answer 96

* Dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) * Gritty sensation * Dry mouth (xerostomia) * Dry vagina (in some cases) ## Footnote Sjögren's Syndrome can complicate the management of rheumatoid arthritis.

Answer 97

* Mild-to-moderate anemia * Thrombocytosis (↑ platelets in late RA) ## Footnote These abnormalities reflect the systemic nature of the disease.

Answer 98

Hyperextension of the PIP joint with flexion of the DIP joint ## Footnote Swan Neck Deformity is characterized by a specific positioning of the finger joints.

Answer 99

Proximal Interphalangeal joint ## Footnote The PIP joint is the middle joint of the finger.

Answer 100

Between the first (proximal) and second (middle) phalanges ## Footnote The PIP joint allows bending and straightening of the finger.

Answer 101

Allows bending and straightening of the finger ## Footnote The PIP joint is crucial for finger mobility.

Answer 102

Distal Interphalangeal joint ## Footnote The DIP joint is the joint closest to the fingertip.

Answer 103

Between the middle (second) and distal (third) phalanges ## Footnote The DIP joint is essential for the movement of the fingertip.

Answer 104

Allows bending and straightening, nearer to the fingertip than the PIP ## Footnote The DIP joint contributes to fine motor skills.

Answer 105

Fingers angle away from the thumb toward the ulna ## Footnote Ulnar Deviation affects hand positioning and function.

Answer 106

Joint pain ## Footnote Other symptoms may include weakness and swelling.

Answer 107

Rheumatoid Factor (RF): Positive ## Footnote RF can be positive in other diseases or older adults.

Answer 108

Indicates inflammation ## Footnote Elevated ESR > 20 mm/hr tracks disease severity and response to treatment.

Answer 109

WBC count may be elevated or low ## Footnote Elevated WBC indicates inflammation; low WBC may indicate Felty syndrome.

Answer 110

Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (anti-CCP) ## Footnote It is a marker for aggressive and erosive late-stage RA.

Answer 111

X-ray ## Footnote X-rays can detect erosions and space narrowing typical of RA.

Answer 112

Early joint changes and soft tissue involvement ## Footnote MRI is also used for pre-operative planning.

Answer 113

Positive in areas with inflammatory response ## Footnote It helps in identifying areas of active inflammation.

Answer 114

Analyzes synovial fluid from swollen joints ## Footnote Confirms inflammation and may relieve pressure.

Answer 115

False ## Footnote Positive ANA can indicate other conditions and requires further analysis.

Answer 116

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) ## Footnote ESR > 20 mm/hr is significant in monitoring RA.

Answer 117

More sensitive for inflammation than ESR ## Footnote Used to monitor active disease.

Answer 118

Detect peripheral neuropathy ## Footnote Peripheral neuropathy may occur in systemic RA.

Answer 119

CT Scan ## Footnote Also used pre-operatively for robotic hip arthroplasty in RA patients.

Answer 120

Pleurisy, Pneumonitis, Pulmonary hypertension, Interstitial fibrosis ## Footnote These may be evaluated through Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs).

Answer 121

Thrombocytosis ## Footnote Seen in late RA.

Answer 122

May cause bleeding; take with food and proton-pump inhibitors ## Footnote NSAIDs can lead to gastrointestinal complications if not taken properly.

Answer 123

Risk of cardiac complications ## Footnote COX-2 inhibitors have been linked to an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Answer 124

Steroid (Glucocorticoid) ## Footnote Prednisone is used for its fast-acting immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Answer 125

Only if Remittive Agents are not effective ## Footnote Steroids should not be the primary drug for RA treatment.

Answer 126

* Diabetes * Infection * Fluid & Electrolyte imbalance * Hypertension * Osteoporosis * Thin, fragile skin ## Footnote These complications can significantly affect patient health and management.

Answer 127

Taper down slowly ## Footnote Abrupt cessation can lead to adrenal insufficiency.

Answer 128

Risk for impaired wound healing ## Footnote Patients on steroids may have delayed recovery and increased risk of complications.

Answer 129

DMARDs / BRMs / TNF Inhibitors ## Footnote Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) modify the disease process in rheumatoid arthritis.

Answer 130

Risk of bone marrow suppression ## Footnote Regular monitoring is essential to prevent serious complications.

Answer 131

Alcohol ## Footnote Alcohol can exacerbate liver toxicity when combined with Methotrexate.

Answer 132

* Liver panel * CBC * WBC * Platelets (↓ counts) ## Footnote Monitoring these tests helps in early detection of adverse effects.

Answer 133

* Etanercept (Enbrel) * Infliximab (Remicade) * Adalimumab (Humira) ## Footnote BRMs are often used in combination with other treatments for better efficacy.

Answer 134

Analgesics ## Footnote Pain management is critical in the early stages of treatment.

Answer 135

Slow the progression of RA; best results when started early.

Answer 136

First-line DMARD, immunosuppressant.

Answer 137

Low dose, once weekly.

Answer 138

4–6 weeks.

Answer 139

* Decreases joint pain/swelling * Inexpensive

Answer 140

* Bone marrow suppression (↓WBCs/platelets) * Liver toxicity (↑liver enzymes) * Pneumonitis (dyspnea) * Lymphoma risk

Answer 141

* Avoid alcohol * Monitor labs * Avoid crowds/sick people * Report mouth sores, dyspnea * Take folic acid to reduce side effects

Answer 142

Liver toxicity, teratogenic (birth defects).

Answer 143

Use strict birth control and notify provider immediately if pregnant.

Answer 144

Decreases immune activity and pain.

Answer 145

Retinal damage.

Answer 146

* Eye exam before starting and every 6 months * Report vision changes or headaches * Caution: Avoid in cardiac disease or dysrhythmias

Answer 147

* Nausea * Vomiting * Rash

Answer 148

Sulfa allergy.

Answer 149

Modify immune response; prevent joint erosion; induce remission.

Answer 150

Mostly parenteral.

Answer 151

Screen for TB (PPD test required before starting).

Answer 152

Expensive.

Answer 153

* Live vaccines * If: MS, active infections, TB

Answer 154

Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab.

Answer 155

Report respiratory symptoms, monitor WBC.

Answer 156

Monitor WBC, platelets, liver enzymes.

Answer 157

Pain and inflammation relief (not disease-modifying).

Answer 158

H2-blocker (famotidine).

Answer 159

Risk of CV events & GI bleeding.

Answer 160

Rapid symptom relief; anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.

Answer 161

Prednisone, cortisone.

Answer 162

* Pulse therapy: High dose, short duration * Bridge therapy: Until DMARDs become effective * Chronic low-dose: With risks

Answer 163

* Diabetes * Osteoporosis * HTN * Glaucoma * Fluid/electrolyte imbalance

Answer 164

* Monitor for complications * Educate on infection risk * Cortisone joint injections → rest/ice joint for 24h afterward

Answer 165

3000–4000 mg.

Answer 166

Liver disease, older adults.

Answer 167

Pain unrelieved by NSAIDs.

Answer 168

Risk of confusion.

Answer 169

Driving/machinery use.

Answer 170

Pain relief ## Footnote Additional goals include decreasing inflammation, slowing or stopping joint damage, and improving well-being and function.

Answer 171

Proactive approach ## Footnote This includes various methods such as hot/cold therapy, rest, proper positioning, splints, exercise, physical therapy, and occupational therapy.

Answer 172

* Hot/Cold Therapy * Rest / Proper Positioning / Splints ## Footnote Additional therapies include exercise and the use of adaptive equipment.

Answer 173

[key learning term] ## Footnote Examples of analgesics include acetaminophen, acetaminophen with codeine, oxycodone, morphine, methadone, transdermal fentanyl, and NSAIDs.

Answer 174

Total Joint Replacement (TJR) ## Footnote Other surgical options include synovectomy.

Answer 175

* Acetaminophen * Oxycodone ## Footnote Other options include morphine, methadone, transdermal fentanyl, and NSAIDs.

Answer 176

To provide emotional support and assistance ## Footnote These groups can help individuals cope with the challenges of RA.

Answer 177

False ## Footnote Surgery is considered a potential 'cure' but is not always the first line of treatment.

Answer 178

Increase protein and calcium ## Footnote This can include incorporating protein-rich foods such as meats, dairy products, and legumes, along with calcium sources like dairy, leafy greens, and fortified foods.

Answer 179

Nutritious snacks and small frequent meals ## Footnote This approach helps maintain energy levels and provides essential nutrients throughout the day.

Answer 180

They help meet nutritional requirements ## Footnote Supplements can provide vitamins that may be lacking in the diet, especially in individuals with specific health conditions.

Answer 181

ROM exercises and joint strengthening ## Footnote Range of motion (ROM) exercises help maintain flexibility, while strengthening exercises support joint stability.

Answer 182

Keep affected joints slightly bent ## Footnote This position can help reduce discomfort while avoiding prolonged flexion to minimize the risk of contractures.

Answer 183

Prolonged flexion ## Footnote Maintaining a straight position for too long can lead to muscle shortening and joint stiffness.

Answer 184

For severely inflamed joints ## Footnote Splints provide support and immobilization to reduce pain and inflammation.

Answer 185

Physical therapist ## Footnote A physical therapist can tailor an exercise program based on individual needs and conditions.

Answer 186

Smoking cessation, regular activity, healthy diet ## Footnote These lifestyle changes can significantly impact overall health and joint function.

Answer 187

Protein and calorie needs, energy conservation, medication use, self-care, body image support ## Footnote Education helps patients manage their condition effectively and improve their quality of life.

Answer 188

Alternate exercise and rest ## Footnote This approach helps prevent fatigue and allows for better recovery during daily activities.

Answer 189

Activities of Daily Living ## Footnote ADLs include essential tasks such as bathing, dressing, and eating.

Answer 190

Removal of the synovium ## Footnote This procedure is performed in cases of chronic inflammation, most commonly in the knee.

Answer 191

Via open incision or laparoscopically ## Footnote The choice of method depends on the specific case and the surgeon's recommendation.

Answer 192

Severe joint destruction or loss of function ## Footnote TJR is considered when other treatments have failed to provide relief.

Answer 193

A potential 'cure' ## Footnote TJR can restore function and alleviate pain significantly for many patients.

Answer 194

Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) ## Footnote OA is a common form of arthritis characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in joints.

Answer 195

Non-inflammatory joint disorder ## Footnote OA does not involve the same inflammatory processes seen in other types of arthritis.

Answer 196

Typically unilateral ## Footnote This means it often affects one side of the body more than the other.

Answer 197

Degenerative in nature ## Footnote OA involves the gradual deterioration of joint tissues.

Answer 198

Idiopathic or secondary to trauma or structural issues ## Footnote Idiopathic means the cause is unknown, while secondary indicates a known cause.

Answer 199

Under 45 ## Footnote Males tend to develop OA earlier than females.

Answer 200

Over 45 ## Footnote Females tend to experience a higher prevalence of OA post-menopause.

Answer 201

* Aging * Joint injury * Joint malformation * Genetic defect in cartilage * Repetitive joint stress ## Footnote These factors can lead to biomechanical changes and stressors on joints.

Answer 202

Obesity ## Footnote Increased mechanical load on weight-bearing joints due to excess body weight can exacerbate OA.

Answer 203

Pain ## Footnote Pain is often the most noticeable symptom for individuals with OA.

Answer 204

* Morning stiffness * Crepitus with ROM * Swelling * Joint enlargement ## Footnote These symptoms can vary in intensity and may not correlate with the severity of the disease seen on imaging.

Answer 205

False ## Footnote Patients may experience severe pain even when radiologic findings are mild.

Answer 206

Repetitive joint stress ## Footnote Activities that put repeated stress on joints can increase the risk of developing OA.

Answer 207

History ## Footnote Involves gathering patient information regarding symptoms and medical background.

Answer 208

Symptom progression ## Footnote Understanding how symptoms have changed over time is crucial for diagnosis.

Answer 209

Physical examination ## Footnote Involves assessing the affected joints for signs of OA.

Answer 210

Radiologic imaging ## Footnote Imaging techniques, primarily X-rays, are used to visualize joint changes.

Answer 211

Laboratory tests ## Footnote These tests help to rule out other joint diseases but do not confirm OA.

Answer 212

Joint space narrowing ## Footnote This finding reflects the loss of cartilage in affected joints.

Answer 213

Bone spurs ## Footnote Osteophytes are bony projections that form along joint margins in OA.

Answer 214

Increased bone density beneath the cartilage ## Footnote This finding is often seen on X-rays in patients with OA.

Answer 215

No ## Footnote Radiologic findings help assess severity but do not correlate directly with pain levels.

Answer 216

To rule out other joint diseases ## Footnote Tests can help differentiate OA from conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or infections.

Answer 217

No specific lab test confirms OA ## Footnote Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical evaluation and imaging.

Answer 218

Chronic pain that worsens with activity and is relieved by rest ## Footnote Pain at rest may occur in later stages of osteoarthritis.

Answer 219

Stiffness ## Footnote This stiffness can be a significant indicator of osteoarthritis.

Answer 220

When and where it occurs ## Footnote Understanding the timing and location of swelling can provide insight into the severity of the condition.

Answer 221

ADL difficulty or mobility loss ## Footnote Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) assessment is crucial for understanding the impact of osteoarthritis on a patient's life.

Answer 222

* Age (older adults) * Gender (more common in women) * Obesity ## Footnote Other risk factors include joint injury, occupational stress, family history of arthritis, and conditions like diabetes.

Answer 223

Range of motion, tenderness, swelling ## Footnote Joint inspection and palpation are key components of the physical examination.

Answer 224

Grating sound or sensation during movement ## Footnote Crepitus is a common finding in osteoarthritis and indicates joint degeneration.

Answer 225

Bony overgrowth at the DIP joints ## Footnote Heberden nodes are a characteristic feature of osteoarthritis.

Answer 226

Bony overgrowth at the PIP joints ## Footnote Bouchard nodes are also indicative of osteoarthritis.

Answer 227

Usually normal, but may show mild elevation in ESR or hsCRP ## Footnote These elevations may indicate secondary inflammation, such as synovitis.

Answer 228

To rule out gout by checking for urate crystals ## Footnote Arthrocentesis can help differentiate osteoarthritis from other joint conditions.

Answer 229

X-rays ## Footnote X-rays can show joint space narrowing, osteophytes, and cartilage loss.

Answer 230

Vertebral or knee involvement and soft tissue ## Footnote MRI is particularly useful for assessing soft tissue damage associated with osteoarthritis.

Answer 231

Detects joint involvement, but not first-line ## Footnote Bone scans are less commonly used but can provide additional information.

Answer 232

DXA or lateral x-ray ## Footnote These imaging techniques can provide valuable insights into vertebral changes related to osteoarthritis.

Answer 233

Acetaminophen ## Footnote Monitor liver function with long-term use

Answer 234

Has weak opioid properties ## Footnote Often combined with acetaminophen; may cause drowsiness, dizziness, or constipation

Answer 235

Due to risk of bleeding at high doses

Answer 236

* Ibuprofen * Ketoprofen * Naproxen

Answer 237

Helps with inflammation and pain relief ## Footnote Available as oral and topical formulations

Answer 238

Less GI irritation than traditional NSAIDs ## Footnote May have cardiac risks, so use with caution in patients with heart history

Answer 239

Used for moderate to severe pain

Answer 240

Risk of tolerance and dependence

Answer 241

Reduce inflammation ## Footnote Controversial use but may improve symptoms; often reserved for flares or those not tolerating oral meds

Answer 242

Gel-like substance injected into joints to improve lubrication and function

Answer 243

* Mild pain * Swelling * Redness * Rash * Itching * Bruising at injection site

Answer 244

In patients with skin infections or diseases at the site

Answer 245

Leads to decreased physical activity and increased joint pain ## Footnote Obesity is a significant risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA) as it exacerbates symptoms.

Answer 246

Reduce body weight by ~10% ## Footnote Even a modest weight loss can have significant benefits for joint health.

Answer 247

Reduction in dietary fat intake ## Footnote Lowering fat intake can help in managing weight and inflammation.

Answer 248

Start with moderate physical activity ## Footnote Gradual increase is important to avoid injury.

Answer 249

30 minutes/day ## Footnote Consistent exercise is crucial for managing OA symptoms.

Answer 250

Low-impact exercises (e.g., walking, swimming, biking) ## Footnote These exercises reduce stress on the joints while promoting fitness.

Answer 251

Moist heat and massage ## Footnote These therapies help relax muscles and reduce stiffness and pain.

Answer 252

Enhance range of motion and decrease discomfort ## Footnote Tailored exercises can significantly improve joint function.

Answer 253

Canes and other devices ## Footnote These devices can help reduce stress on joints and improve mobility.

Answer 254

For patients with severe OA who have not responded to nonsurgical treatments ## Footnote Surgery is typically a last resort after other treatments have failed.

Answer 255

Minimally invasive; removes loose cartilage or bone fragments ## Footnote This procedure can alleviate joint pain and improve function.

Answer 256

Flushes joint space; removes damaged tissue ## Footnote This helps to reduce inflammation and pain in the joint.

Answer 257

Realigns bones to relieve pressure on the joint ## Footnote This procedure can help correct deformities and improve joint function.

Answer 258

Replaces damaged joint surfaces with prosthetics ## Footnote TJR is often performed for severe OA to restore mobility and reduce pain.

Answer 259

Maintain activity level, joint protection, manage pain ## Footnote OA focuses on keeping individuals active while protecting their joints and managing discomfort.

Answer 260

Reduce inflammation, prevent joint damage, manage symptoms ## Footnote RA treatment aims to control inflammation and prevent long-term joint issues.

Answer 261

Encouraged to maintain mobility and strength ## Footnote Exercise helps OA patients stay active and preserve joint function.

Answer 262

Balanced exercise program to maintain mobility without stressing inflamed joints ## Footnote RA patients need to be cautious with exercise to avoid exacerbating their condition.

Answer 263

Yes – use of assistive devices, body mechanics ## Footnote OA management includes strategies to protect joints from further damage.

Answer 264

Yes – joint rest during flare-ups and protection with splints/supports ## Footnote RA requires careful management of joint stress, especially during flare-ups.

Answer 265

Important – reduces stress on weight-bearing joints ## Footnote Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial for OA patients to alleviate joint pressure.

Answer 266

Important – helps reduce inflammation and stress on joints ## Footnote Weight management can improve overall joint health in RA patients.

Answer 267

Used to relieve stress and manage chronic discomfort ## Footnote Relaxation techniques can help OA patients cope with ongoing pain.

Answer 268

Used to reduce stress, pain perception, and muscle tension ## Footnote RA patients benefit from relaxation to manage pain and improve quality of life.

Answer 269

Used for pain control ## Footnote Cold therapy can alleviate pain in OA patients.

Answer 270

Used during exacerbation/acute inflammation to reduce swelling and pain ## Footnote Cold therapy is effective in managing acute RA flare-ups.

Answer 271

Used to aid movement by relaxing muscles and increasing flexibility ## Footnote Heat therapy helps OA patients improve mobility and reduce stiffness.

Answer 272

Used after acute inflammation to relieve stiffness ## Footnote Heat therapy can help restore movement after RA flare-ups.

Answer 273

Sometimes needed (e.g., acetaminophen, NSAIDs, injections) ## Footnote OA management may involve over-the-counter or prescribed medications.

Answer 274

Frequently needed (e.g., DMARDs, steroids, NSAIDs, BRMs) ## Footnote RA treatment often requires ongoing medication to manage symptoms effectively.

Answer 275

Joint replacement if conservative measures fail ## Footnote Surgical intervention is considered when OA significantly impacts quality of life.

Answer 276

Joint replacement possible for severely damaged joints ## Footnote RA patients may also require joint replacement if joint damage is extensive.

Answer 277

The only curable arthritis

Answer 278

Systemic metabolic disease

Answer 279

Urate crystals deposit in joints and tissues

Answer 280

Ages 30–40 years

Answer 281

Most common type caused by inborn error in purine metabolism

Answer 282

Uric acid production > renal excretion

Answer 283

Synovial tissues

Answer 284

Hyperuricemia due to another disease or medications

Answer 285

Renal insufficiency, cancer

Answer 286

Diuretics, chemotherapy

Answer 287

High purine intake, common in alcoholics

Answer 288

Affects the Great Toe (podagra)

Answer 289

Sudden, intense joint pain, redness, and swelling

Answer 290

Chronic Gout develops

Answer 291

Deposits of urate crystals in tissues

Answer 292

* Pinna (ear) * Arms * Fingers * Toes

Answer 293

Kidney stones (urate calculi)

Answer 294

> 8 mg/100 ml ## Footnote This level is used in the diagnostic evaluation of gout.

Answer 295

* BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) * Creatinine * Urinary Uric Acid: Assesses excretion ## Footnote These tests help evaluate kidney function and uric acid excretion.

Answer 296

Positive for uric acid crystals ## Footnote This finding is significant in diagnosing gout.

Answer 297

* Colchicine * NSAIDs (e.g., indomethacin) ## Footnote These medications help manage acute gout attacks.

Answer 298

* Allopurinol * Probenecid * Indomethacin (also used for anti-inflammatory support) ## Footnote These medications help lower uric acid levels over time.

Answer 299

* Aspirin (can retain uric acid) * Diuretics (increase uric acid levels) * Alcohol (especially beer and spirits – high in purines and dehydrating) ## Footnote These substances can exacerbate gout by increasing uric acid.

Answer 300

Low Purine Diet ## Footnote This diet helps in managing uric acid levels.

Answer 301

* Red meats * Organ meats * Shellfish ## Footnote These foods are high in purines, which can lead to increased uric acid.

Answer 302

Increased fluid intake and aim to alkalize urine ## Footnote Proper hydration can help maintain urine pH and reduce stone formation.

Answer 303

* Low-fat milk * Coffee * Citrus juices * Colas ## Footnote Some of these beverages may contribute to increased uric acid levels.

Answer 304

A condition characterized by bone demineralization ## Footnote Osteoporosis occurs when bone resorption exceeds bone formation.

Answer 305

A weak, porous bony matrix that fractures easily ## Footnote Often referred to as the 'Silent Disease' due to lack of symptoms until a fracture occurs.

Answer 306

Women, especially post-menopause, and individuals of Asian and European descent ## Footnote The increased risk is due to estrogen decline in post-menopausal women.

Answer 307

* Lean body mass * Inactivity * Dietary deficiencies (Calcium, Vitamin D, Protein) * Caffeine and Smoking * Age-related changes ## Footnote These factors contribute to the overall risk of developing osteoporosis.

Answer 308

Fractures ## Footnote Common sites include the hip, wrist, and vertebrae.

Answer 309

* Loss of height * Dorsal kyphosis (Dowager’s hump) * Chronic pain * Osteopenia seen on DXA scan ## Footnote Osteopenia is a precursor to osteoporosis and can be detected through imaging.

Answer 310

False ## Footnote Often referred to as the 'Silent Disease' due to the absence of symptoms until significant bone loss occurs.

Answer 311

demineralization ## Footnote This demineralization leads to weak and porous bones.

Answer 312

Most common type; affects postmenopausal women and elderly men (70s–80s) due to genetic and lifestyle factors. ## Footnote Generalized Osteoporosis can be classified as primary or secondary.

Answer 313

* Primary * Secondary ## Footnote Primary is the most common, while secondary is due to other conditions or medications.

Answer 314

Due to other conditions (e.g., hyperparathyroidism), medications (e.g., corticosteroids), or prolonged immobility. ## Footnote Secondary Osteoporosis can occur in individuals with certain medical conditions or those taking specific drugs.

Answer 315

Occurs due to immobilization of a limb for more than 8–12 weeks (e.g., fracture, paralysis). ## Footnote This type of osteoporosis is limited to a specific area of the body.

Answer 316

Usually asymptomatic until fracture occurs. ## Footnote Early detection is challenging due to the lack of symptoms.

Answer 317

* Distal radius (wrist) * Hip * Vertebral bodies (spine) ## Footnote These sites are particularly vulnerable due to decreased bone density.

Answer 318

* Severe back pain * Kyphosis (“dowager’s hump”) * Loss of height (2-3 inches over years) ## Footnote Compression fractures can significantly affect mobility and quality of life.

Answer 319

* Swelling * Deformity * Malalignment ## Footnote These symptoms are critical for identifying fractures quickly.

Answer 320

* Pain * Depression * Fear of falling * Reduced quality of life ## Footnote The impact of osteoporosis extends beyond physical symptoms.

Answer 321

1500 mg/day ## Footnote Calcium is essential for bone health.

Answer 322

1000 IU/day ## Footnote Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption.

Answer 323

Bisphosphonates ## Footnote An example is Fosamax.

Answer 324

Evista ## Footnote SERMs are selective estrogen receptor modulators.

Answer 325

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) ## Footnote HRT can help manage menopausal symptoms and bone density.

Answer 326

To slow bone loss ## Footnote They mimic the effects of parathyroid hormone.

Answer 327

A nasal spray option ## Footnote Calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels in the body.

Answer 328

Active Range of Motion ## Footnote AROM exercises help maintain joint flexibility and muscle strength.

Answer 329

Weight-bearing exercises ## Footnote These exercises help strengthen bones and improve balance.

Answer 330

Proper body mechanics ## Footnote This includes techniques to lift, move, and position patients correctly to prevent injury.

Answer 331

Safety promotion ## Footnote Implementing strategies to minimize risks associated with osteoporosis.

Answer 332

Fall prevention ## Footnote This includes assessing the home environment and providing education on safe practices.

Answer 333

Assistive devices ## Footnote These may include grab bars, walkers, and canes to enhance mobility and safety.

Answer 334

Activities of Daily Living ## Footnote These are routine tasks such as bathing, dressing, and eating that patients may need assistance with.

Answer 335

A break in bone continuity due to: * Direct force * Torsion * Underlying disease (e.g., osteoporosis) ## Footnote Fractures can occur from various mechanisms including trauma or underlying health conditions that weaken bones.

Answer 336

Hip, Wrist (Colles’ fracture), Spine (Vertebral fracture → may require Kyphoplasty) ## Footnote These sites are particularly vulnerable due to factors like mobility, age, and the nature of activities performed.

Answer 337

Osteoporosis, Trauma/Falls ## Footnote Fractures are especially common in older adults due to decreased bone density and increased risk of falls.

Answer 338

False ## Footnote Fractures can also occur from torsion and underlying diseases.

Answer 339

fracture ## Footnote This term encompasses various types of breaks in bones, each with different causes and implications.

Answer 340

Break or disruption in the continuity of a bone ## Footnote Fractures cause pain and often affect mobility, resulting from trauma or underlying disease.

Answer 341

* Complete fracture * Incomplete fracture ## Footnote A complete fracture goes through the entire bone width, while an incomplete fracture only goes partially through.

Answer 342

Displaced fracture has disrupted bone alignment, while non-displaced fracture remains aligned ## Footnote Displaced fractures are usually complete, whereas non-displaced ones are often incomplete.

Answer 343

Bone breaks skin, external wound present, higher infection risk ## Footnote In contrast, a closed (simple) fracture does not break the skin.

Answer 344

Bone does not break skin, no visible wound ## Footnote Closed fractures have a lower risk of infection compared to open fractures.

Answer 345

Fracture from minimal trauma to diseased/weakened bone ## Footnote Conditions like osteoporosis or bone cancer can lead to fragility fractures.

Answer 346

Fracture caused by repeated strain, resulting in small cracks ## Footnote Commonly occurs in athletes due to overuse.

Answer 347

Loading force on cancellous bone, commonly in vertebrae ## Footnote Compression fractures are frequently associated with osteoporosis.

Answer 348

Complete fracture

Answer 349

False ## Footnote Non-displaced fractures maintain proper bone alignment.

Answer 350

* Fragility (pathologic) fracture * Fatigue (stress) fracture * Compression fracture ## Footnote These classifications are based on the mechanism that led to the fracture.

Answer 351

Pulmonary embolism ## Footnote High mortality rates are also associated with pneumonia.

Answer 352

Intracapsular fracture ## Footnote This type includes the femoral neck and intertrochanteric area.

Answer 353

* Greater trochanter * Lesser trochanter * Subtrochanteric region ## Footnote Extracapsular fractures do not involve the femoral head or neck.

Answer 354

False ## Footnote Intracapsular fractures also involve the femoral head and intertrochanteric area.

Answer 355

Pulmonary embolism ## Footnote Pneumonia is another significant cause.

Answer 356

Caused by trying to break a fall with the hand ## Footnote Colles’ fracture typically occurs when a person falls and lands on their outstretched hand, resulting in a specific type of wrist fracture.

Answer 357

Closed reduction with anesthetic nerve block, then casted ## Footnote Closed reduction involves realigning the fractured bones without surgery, while an anesthetic nerve block is used to manage pain during the procedure.

Answer 358

Can’t use crutches ## Footnote The inability to use crutches complicates mobility and increases the risk of falls, which is particularly concerning for elderly patients.

Answer 359

Walker may be difficult unless using arm trough/platform walker ## Footnote Standard walkers may not provide adequate support for patients with wrist and hip injuries, necessitating specialized equipment.

Answer 360

Leads to mobility and safety concerns ## Footnote Patients may face increased risks of falls and limitations in performing daily activities due to compromised mobility.

Answer 361

Shortening and rotation ## Footnote Deformity can indicate the type and severity of the fracture.

Answer 362

* Swelling * Ecchymosis ## Footnote Swelling and ecchymosis are often visible signs of trauma and injury.

Answer 363

Pain ## Footnote Pain is typically localized to the area of the fracture.

Answer 364

Paresthesias ## Footnote Paresthesias can indicate nerve involvement or damage.

Answer 365

Crepitus ## Footnote Crepitus can occur when bone fragments rub against each other.

Answer 366

Loss of function ## Footnote Loss of function can vary depending on the location and severity of the fracture.

Answer 367

Circulation, Sensation, Motion ## Footnote CSM assessments are critical to evaluate neurovascular status after a fracture.

Answer 368

Circulation ## Footnote Checking circulation involves assessing pulse and skin color.

Answer 369

Sensation ## Footnote Sensation checks for any numbness or tingling.

Answer 370

Motion ## Footnote Motion assessment is crucial for determining the extent of injury.

Answer 371

CBC, Electrolytes, EKG, CXR, UA, Clotting Factors: PTT, INR ## Footnote Pre-Operative workup is critical for assessing a patient's readiness for surgery.

Answer 372

Complete Blood Count ## Footnote CBC is used to evaluate overall health and detect a variety of disorders.

Answer 373

Immobilize joints above and below fracture site ## Footnote This principle helps to prevent further injury and promote healing.

Answer 374

Hip fractures are harder to immobilize completely ## Footnote The anatomical structure and movement of the hip joint make complete immobilization challenging.

Answer 375

* Splinting * Position of comfort * Buck’s traction (with bath blanket/pillow under lower leg to prevent pressure ulcers behind knees/heels) ## Footnote Different options may be used depending on the type and location of the fracture.

Answer 376

Cover wound with dry sterile dressing and perform neurovascular assessment (CSM) ## Footnote Proper wound care and assessment are crucial to prevent infection and assess blood flow.

Answer 377

* Pain * Paresthesia * Pallor * Pulses * Paralysis * Poikilothermia (coldness) ## Footnote These symptoms are critical for assessing neurovascular status in injured limbs.

Answer 378

No specific test for fracture ## Footnote Diagnosis often relies on clinical assessment and imaging rather than specific lab tests.

Answer 379

* Low Hgb/Hct (bleeding) * ↑ ESR (inflammation) * ↑ WBC (infection) * ↑ Calcium/Phosphorus (bone healing) ## Footnote These findings can indicate complications or the healing process after a fracture.

Answer 380

* Infection * Pneumonia * VTE/DVT, Pulmonary Embolism * Fat Embolism Syndrome (especially long bone fractures) * Renal calculi * Pressure ulcers * Joint contractures, long-term disability

Answer 381

* Hip dislocation

Answer 382

* Limb shortening * Pain * Inability to rotate/move hip

Answer 383

Do NOT attempt relocation

Answer 384

Under moderate sedation

Answer 385

Promote safety and reduce complications ## Footnote SCIP focuses on various management areas including infection prevention and blood pressure management.

Answer 386

Includes management of: * Hair * Infection prevention * Safety checklist * Temperature management * VTE prophylaxis * Blood pressure management * Urinary management ## Footnote Urinary management is specifically covered in N196.

Answer 387

Oxygen administration / Pulse oximetry ## Footnote ABC stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation.

Answer 388

Level of Consciousness ## Footnote It involves reorienting the patient to person, place, time, and event (PPTE).

Answer 389

Monitor for regulation concerns ## Footnote Adequate fluid management is crucial post-surgery.

Answer 390

Every 2 hours ## Footnote Comparison to the unaffected extremity is essential.

Answer 391

Assess and manage appropriately ## Footnote Pain management is critical for recovery.

Answer 392

Nutritional status ## Footnote Adequate nutrition aids in healing and recovery.

Answer 393

Maintain sterile technique ## Footnote This is crucial to prevent infection.

Answer 394

Prevent blood clots ## Footnote Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can lead to serious complications.

Answer 395

Mobility considerations and fall prevention ## Footnote Ensuring patient safety is a priority in recovery.

Answer 396

Total Joint Replacement / Arthroplasty ## Footnote Commonly includes hip and knee replacements.

Answer 397

Can also replace: * Elbow * Wrist * Ankle * Phalangeal joints ## Footnote Joint replacement surgery is performed to relieve pain and improve function.

Answer 398

Avoid: * Adduction (crossing legs) * Flexion > 60-90 degrees (no deep bending at hip) * Internal rotation ## Footnote These precautions help prevent dislocation of the hip post-surgery.

Answer 399

Avoid: * Extreme abduction (leg away from body) * Hyperextension (excessive straightening of the hip) * Extreme external rotation * Prolonged knee flexion (avoid bending knee too long) * Avoid shutting off head of bed (HOB) elevation ## Footnote These precautions are critical to maintain hip stability post-surgery.

Answer 400

Usually none, but check orders ## Footnote Weight-bearing status may vary based on individual patient circumstances and surgical protocols.

Answer 401

Usually with front-wheeled walker (FWW) ## Footnote This device aids in stability and support for patients post-surgery.

Answer 402

To maintain proper positioning and comfort ## Footnote The pillow helps prevent dislocation by keeping the legs in the correct alignment.

Answer 403

Avoid pressure over operative site ## Footnote This helps prevent pain and complications during recovery.

Answer 404

Turn patient with the abductor pillow in place ## Footnote This technique minimizes risk of dislocation.

Answer 405

Use a pillow for comfort and proper positioning ## Footnote This is recommended for 6-8 weeks or longer.

Answer 406

Ensure straps are not too tight ## Footnote Tight straps can cause discomfort and impede circulation.

Answer 407

Teach about: * Tubes (catheters, drains) * Pain management strategies * Lovenox (enoxaparin) injections * Range of motion (ROM) exercises * Hip precautions and weight-bearing restrictions * Infection prevention education * Anxiety, coping, and goals related to surgery and recovery * Use of adaptive equipment at home with PT evaluation

Answer 408

Administer prophylactic antibiotics as ordered Use Chlorhexidine for skin preparation pre-op

Answer 409

Administer prescribed pain medications Monitor pain levels frequently and adjust interventions accordingly

Answer 410

Administer anticoagulants (e.g., Lovenox) as ordered Encourage early ambulation Use compression devices such as: * Elastic stockings (TED hose) * Sequential Compression Devices (SCD) or intermittent compression devices

Answer 411

Prevent atelectasis and pneumonia (PNA) by: * Using Incentive Spirometry (IS) 10 times every hour * Monitoring for constipation * Encouraging fluids, fruits, and fiber * Using stool softeners or laxatives as needed

Answer 412

Monitor for: * Anemia post-op * Dislocation of joint * Foot drop (neurological assessment)

Answer 413

Monitor I&O carefully to ensure proper fluid management Foley catheter usually removed within 24 hours post-op Encourage urination every 4 hours

Answer 414

Use adaptive equipment such as: * Shower chair / seat * Elevated toilet seat * 3-in-1 commode

Answer 415

Recommended devices include: * Walker (preferably front-wheeled walker) * Crutches (if appropriate) * Cane — hold on unaffected side

Answer 416

[skin preparation]

Answer 417

Preferred for mobility and ADL training

Answer 418

Include sexual activity teaching post-op as appropriate

Answer 419

Avoid hip flexion > 60-90°

Answer 420

Teach pain management strategies including: * Administering prescribed medications * Monitoring pain levels

Answer 421

To assist patients in reaching objects without excessive bending

Answer 422

Progress diet slowly and encourage: * Fluids * Fruits * Fiber

Answer 423

TKR or TKA

Answer 424

Bulky splint

Answer 425

Waterproof, flexible dressing

Answer 426

Surgical drain

Answer 427

Typically more painful than total hip replacement

Answer 428

* Nerve block * Ice pad * OnQ pump (for continuous local anesthetic)

Answer 429

Knee immobilizer

Answer 430

Patellar strap

Answer 431

At least 0–90 degrees

Answer 432

Full extension

Answer 433

Knee flexion

Answer 434

Knee lockout controls if using CPM machine

Answer 435

Towel roll

Answer 436

Goniometer

Answer 437

Shoulder immobilizer to maintain alignment and prevent abduction ## Footnote This helps stabilize the shoulder post-surgery.

Answer 438

Circulation, Sensation, Motion ## Footnote Monitoring CSM is crucial to ensure proper blood flow and nerve function.

Answer 439

Active ROM exercises for the wrist ## Footnote This helps maintain mobility in the wrist while the shoulder heals.

Answer 440

Occupational Therapy (OT) focusing on: * Gradual increase in rotational exercises * ADL training ## Footnote Occupational therapy assists patients in regaining functional abilities.

Answer 441

Elbow, wrist, phalangeal joints, ankle ## Footnote Arthroplasty can be performed on various joints to relieve pain and restore function.

Answer 442

Frequently ## Footnote Regular monitoring is essential to detect any complications early.

Answer 443

PT (Physical Therapy) and OT (Occupational Therapy) ## Footnote Coordination ensures a comprehensive approach to recovery.

Answer 444

Falls ## Footnote Falls are a significant concern, particularly among the elderly population.

Answer 445

Elderly patients ## Footnote The risk of falls increases significantly with age.

Answer 446

At night, at home, or during nursing shift changes ## Footnote These situations often present increased hazards.

Answer 447

Hip fractures and wrist fractures ## Footnote These types of injuries can lead to significant morbidity.

Answer 448

* Sensory/perceptual deficits * Altered mental status (e.g., TIA, stroke) * Muscle weakness ## Footnote These factors can greatly increase the likelihood of falling.

Answer 449

Environmental assessment for hazards ## Footnote Identifying and mitigating risks in the patient's environment is crucial.

Answer 450

For easy access ## Footnote These tools help patients navigate safely during the night.

Answer 451

Scatter rugs ## Footnote Rugs can be tripping hazards.

Answer 452

Non-skid floor wax ## Footnote This can provide better traction for patients.

Answer 453

Use 2-3 side rails as appropriate ## Footnote Side rails can provide additional support for patients.

Answer 454

To maintain vigilance during high-risk times ## Footnote Alarms alert staff when patients are attempting to get up unassisted.

Answer 455

Improving patient familiarity and monitoring ## Footnote Familiar staff can better recognize changes in a patient's condition.

Answer 456

* Bathing/Hygiene * Dressing * Toileting/Continence * Transferring (mobility) * Self-feeding ## Footnote ADLs are essential tasks for personal care.

Answer 457

* Telephone use * Transportation (self) * Grocery shopping * Meal preparation * Housework * Household repair * Laundry * Medication management (taking own meds) * Financial self-management ## Footnote IADLs are necessary for independent living.

Answer 458

* Physical Condition * Upper Extremity Function * Lower Extremity Function * Sensory Components * Excretory Functions * Support Factors * Activities of Daily Living ## Footnote This framework helps in evaluating patient capabilities and needs.

Activity and Mobility Flashcards

(485 cards)