Oxygenation and Respiratory System Lecture Flashcards
(411 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
A
Gas exchange
2
Q
What is the first step in the gas exchange process?
A
Oxygen enters nose/mouth
3
Q
What is the pathway oxygen follows after entering the body?
A
Nose/mouth → airways → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli/air sacs
4
Q
What happens to oxygen after it reaches the alveoli?
A
O2 is carried to organs & tissues
5
Q
What is CO2 in the context of the respiratory system?
A
Waste gas in tissues
6
Q
How does CO2 move during the gas exchange process?
A
Moves from blood into lungs to be exhaled
7
Q
What condition can restrict the ability of the body to get rid of waste products?
A
COPD
8
Q
Fill in the blank: Oxygen moves through the _______ to reach the alveoli.
A
airways
9
Q
True or False: The trachea is part of the pathway oxygen takes to the alveoli.
A
True
10
Q
What are the air sacs in the lungs called?
A
Alveoli
11
Q
What is the role of bronchi in the respiratory system?
A
Conduct air to bronchioles
12
Q
What is the role of the respiratory system in removing carbon dioxide?
A
Exhalation
13
Q
What is obstructive airway disease?
A
A reduction in airflow (retention of air inside the lungs) known as air trapping or hyperinflation-> increases CO2 levels
narrowed or obstructed airways make it difficult to fully exhale, leading to the trapping of air within the lungs.
Asthma and COPD (two types): chronic bronchitis and emphysema
14
Q
What are examples of obstructive airway disease?
A
- Asthma
- COPD
- Chronic bronchitis
- Emphysema
15
Q
What is restrictive airway disease?
A
A reduction in lung volume
16
Q
What are examples of restrictive airway disease?
A
- Pneumonia
- Silicosis
- Lobectomy/Lung CA
- Tuberculosis
- Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
17
Q
What is the primary difference between obstructive and restrictive airway disease?
A
Pathophysiology
18
Q
What causes shortness of breath in obstructive airway disease?
A
Inability to exhale air (increase in CO2)
19
Q
What causes difficulty in breathing in restrictive airway disease?
A
Difficulty breathing IN air (Receiving oxygen)
20
Q
Obstructive Vs Restrictive Airway Disease (picture)
A
21
Q
What is obstructive airway disease characterized by?
A
Air trapping, narrowing of airways, increased airway secretions, chronic airflow limitation, inability to exhale completely
22
Q
What does air trapping refer to in obstructive airway disease?
A
Retention of air, particularly CO2, in alveoli
23
Q
What are the main conditions associated with obstructive airway disease?
A
- Asthma
- COPD
- Chronic bronchitis
- Emphysema
24
Q
True or False: Chronic airflow limitation is primarily during inhalation.
A
False
25
Fill in the blank: Obstructive airway disease leads to _______ of airways.
narrowing
26
What is a significant feature of obstructive airway disease related to exhalation?
Unable to exhale air completely
27
What happens to airway secretions in obstructive airway disease?
Increased airway secretions
28
What is Restrictive Airway Disease?
Limited full lungs expansion when breathing IN
## Footnote
It involves the inability to fully expand lungs due to stiffness.
29
What are the effects of Restrictive Airway Disease on lung function?
* Decreased lung volume
* Decreased compliance
* Increased work of breathing
* Inadequate oxygenation/ventilation
30
List conditions associated with Restrictive Airway Disease.
* Pneumonia
* Silicosis
* Lobectomy/Lung CA
* Tuberculosis
* Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
31
What is asthma?
Chronic, reversible airflow obstruction condition
32
What occurs during an asthma exacerbation?
Temporary airway obstruction requiring treatment (rescue inhaler) to open bronchioles
33
What is the role of a bronchodilator in asthma treatment?
Opens up bronchioles, allowing for more effective exhalation
34
What triggers an inflammatory response in asthma?
Exposure to irritants such as dust allergy or exercise
35
What are the consequences of airway inflammation in asthma?
Increases mucus production and narrows airways
36
What happens to CO2 expulsion during an asthma attack?
Impaired due to mucus and inflammation blocking the way
37
What type of treatment do some people with asthma require to prevent airway constriction?
Preventative treatment
38
What happens to mucous membranes in asthma?
Lining of airways becomes inflamed
39
What is impaired due to inflammation in asthma?
Gas exchange
40
What factors can increase tissue sensitivity in asthma?
Cold/dry air, microorganisms, airborne particles, exercise
41
What are common clinical manifestations of asthma?
Dyspnea, chest tightness, coughing, wheezing, increased mucus production
## Footnote
Wheezing can occur upon inspiration, expiration, or both.
42
What symptoms are related to allergies that can trigger asthma?
Pruritus (itching), rhinitis (runny nose), postnasal drip, coughing, bronchospasm
## Footnote
Both pruritus and rhinitis are related to allergy triggers.
43
What physical signs may indicate a severe asthma attack?
Use of accessory muscles, retraction of the sternum
## Footnote
In severe attacks, patients may need a rescue inhaler.
44
What are potential severe outcomes of long-standing severe asthma?
Hypoxemia, cyanosis, increased severity of asthma attacks, potential for death
## Footnote
Longer asthma attacks can lead to increased severity.
45
How does the anteroposterior diameter change in asthma?
Increased due to air trapping
## Footnote
This results in a rounded rather than normal oval shape of the chest.
46
Is barrel chest common in asthma?
No, it is more related to COPD
## Footnote
Barrel chest is not as common in asthma as in COPD.
47
What does ABG stand for?
Arterial Blood Gas
48
What does a decreased PaO2 indicate during asthma attack episodes?
Decreased oxygenation
49
What is a common finding in ABG during an asthma attack?
Increased CO2 retention
50
What does elevated IgE indicate?
Allergic condition
51
What does PFT measure?
Forced Expiratory Volume
52
What is the typical decrease in Forced Expiratory Volume during an asthma attack?
15-20%
53
Fill in the blank: ABG measures how well _______ someone is and if they're retaining CO2.
oxygenated
54
Fill in the blank: PFT involves blowing out in a machine as hard as you can to move the meter up, which tells you how well you're able to _______.
exhale and get rid of CO2
55
Normal ABG Figures
56
What does the treatment of asthma depend on?
Severity of asthma
## Footnote
Treatment varies based on individual severity levels.
57
What is a rescue inhaler used for?
Used when allergy triggers occur
## Footnote
Every asthmatic should have a prescription for a rescue inhaler.
58
What is an example of a rescue inhaler?
Albuterol
## Footnote
Albuterol quickly opens up airways (bronchodilates) to breathe CO2 more effectively.
59
What are control therapies in asthma treatment?
Prophylactic measures used for mild, moderate, and severe asthmatics
## Footnote
Includes inhaled corticosteroids and Singulair.
60
What is the primary function of inhaled corticosteroids?
Decreases inflammation, prevents asthma
## Footnote
Helps in reducing sensitivity/inflammation in the airways.
61
What is the purpose of daily use of control therapy?
To prevent attacks
## Footnote
Aims to reduce airway sensitivity.
62
What are reliever/rescue drugs used for?
To stop an asthma attack and reduce episodes
## Footnote
These include bronchodilators.
63
What effect do bronchodilators have?
Produce bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxation
## Footnote
They do not have an effect on inflammation.
64
Fill in the blank: Control therapy includes _______.
inhaled corticosteroids and Singulair
65
True or False: Rescue inhalers have an effect on inflammation.
False
## Footnote
Rescue inhalers primarily provide bronchodilation.
66
What should individuals with asthma avoid to manage their condition?
Potential triggers
## Footnote
Includes drugs, foods, and environmental factors.
67
Which drugs are recommended to be avoided for asthma management?
NSAIDS, beta blockers, Aspirin
## Footnote
These can exacerbate asthma symptoms.
68
What types of foods should individuals with asthma be cautious of?
MSGs, food preservatives
## Footnote
These can trigger asthma symptoms.
69
List some environmental triggers for asthma.
* Dust
* Mold
* Fireplaces
* Hot/cold weather changes
* Cigarette smoking
## Footnote
These factors can worsen asthma symptoms.
70
When should bronchodilator inhalers be used in relation to exercise?
30 minutes before exercise
## Footnote
This helps prevent exercise-induced asthma symptoms.
71
What are important lifestyle factors for asthma management?
* Adequate rest and sleep
* Stress & anxiety reduction
## Footnote
These contribute to overall asthma control.
72
How should bedding be maintained for asthma management?
Wash in hot water
## Footnote
This helps eliminate dust mites and allergens.
73
What is the recommended method for monitoring peak expiratory flow (PEF)?
Do 3 times in a row and take the average
## Footnote
This provides a reliable measure of lung function.
74
How is a personal best number for PEF determined?
When least amount of symptoms present
## Footnote
This indicates optimal lung function for the individual.
75
What does a red reading indicate on a PEF monitor?
Need for reliever drugs/emergency help
## Footnote
This indicates a critical level of asthma control.
76
What does a green reading on a PEF monitor signify?
Treatment is effective and able to exhale appropriately
## Footnote
Indicates good asthma control.
77
What does a yellow reading on a PEF monitor indicate?
May need to take rescue inhaler; management not effective
## Footnote
Suggests follow-up with healthcare provider.
78
What should individuals with asthma always carry with them?
Relief drug inhalers
## Footnote
Essential for managing sudden asthma symptoms.
79
What should individuals with asthma know regarding triggers?
Know triggers and when to seek immediate emergency care
## Footnote
Understanding triggers aids in timely intervention.
80
What questions should one ask when experiencing asthma symptoms?
What were they doing? What environment?
## Footnote
Helps identify potential triggers for symptoms.
81
What is the full form of COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
82
What are the two categories included in COPD?
* Emphysema
* Bronchitis
83
Do emphysema and bronchitis share similar pathologic processes?
No, they carry different pathologic processes
84
Do patients with emphysema experience bronchitis?
Yes, patients with emphysema also experience bronchitis
85
What is COPD linked to?
Long-term cigarette use
86
What happens to elastin in the alveoli in emphysema?
Elastin breaks down in alveoli, causing them to lose their recoil
## Footnote
This loss of elasticity leads to narrow and collapsed airways.
87
What is a consequence of the lack of elasticity in the airways?
Narrow and collapsed airways lead to air trapping
## Footnote
This means the body cannot efficiently expel CO2 from the lungs.
88
What happens to the alveoli in emphysema?
Alveoli become flabby and can be destroyed
## Footnote
This results in less area for gas exchange.
89
What is a primary characteristic of emphysema patients?
They are referred to as 'pink puffers'
## Footnote
This term reflects their appearance and breathing difficulties.
90
What physical appearance do emphysema patients typically have?
They often appear pink, look older, and are underweight and malnourished
## Footnote
These features contribute to their overall presentation.
91
What breathing difficulty do emphysema patients experience?
They experience severe shortness of breath (dyspnea)
## Footnote
This is a hallmark symptom of the disease.
92
What is a common physical characteristic of the chest in emphysema patients?
Barrel chest
## Footnote
This occurs as a result of their underweight status.
93
What muscles do emphysema patients use to breathe?
Accessory muscles in the neck, chest, and abdomen
## Footnote
This indicates increased effort in breathing.
94
What is a major environmental risk factor for developing emphysema?
Smoking and chronic exposure to inhaled particles
## Footnote
These are significant contributors to the disease.
95
What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, may coexist with asthma.
96
What are common causes of symptoms in COPD patients?
Occupational or environmental exposure, history of smoking.
97
What is the pathophysiology of Chronic Bronchitis?
Inflammation of bronchi & bronchioles, thick mucus production, bronchial wall thickening, impaired airflow & gas exchange.
98
What changes occur in blood gas levels in Chronic Bronchitis?
Decreased PaO2 and increased PaCO2.
99
What triggers inflammation in Chronic Bronchitis?
Exposure to irritants and smoking.
100
What physiological responses are activated due to inflammation in Chronic Bronchitis?
Vasodilation, mucosal edema, congestion, and bronchospasm.
101
What nickname is given to COPD patients and why?
"Blue bloaters" due to increased hemoglobin and need for more RBCs.
102
What are common characteristics of COPD patients referred to as 'Blue bloaters'?
* Overweight
* Cyanotic
* Peripheral edema
* Lung sounds: wheezes, rhonchi
* Wet cough (thick sputum)
* Chronic cough
103
What worsens symptoms in COPD patients?
Exposure to irritants such as cigarettes.
104
What is the diagnostic criterion for COPD concerning bronchitis?
Must have had bronchitis for a minimum of 3 months for 2 consecutive years.
105
106
What factors should be assessed in patient-centered collaborative care regarding respiratory function?
Risk factors, age, gender, occupation, smoking history, cough characteristics, sputum production, orthopnea, weight loss, general edema, severity of work of breathing, CHF condition.
## Footnote
Each factor provides insight into the patient's respiratory health and potential complications.
107
What age and gender are considered risk factors in patient assessment?
Older age and male gender.
## Footnote
These demographics are often associated with higher risks for respiratory conditions.
108
What is the significance of smoking history in patient assessment?
Length and number of packs per day.
## Footnote
Smoking history is crucial for evaluating respiratory health and risk of diseases like COPD.
109
What are the characteristics of a productive cough in chronic bronchitis?
More productive in the morning and dry during the day.
## Footnote
This pattern helps differentiate chronic bronchitis from other respiratory conditions.
110
What does orthopnea indicate in respiratory assessment?
Concern regarding cardiac function.
## Footnote
Patients may adopt a tripod position or need more pillows to sleep, indicating respiratory distress.
111
What is the relationship between weight loss and emphysema patients?
Emphysema patients may lose weight due to fatigue with meals.
## Footnote
This can indicate worsening respiratory function and decreased appetite.
112
What does ABG stand for in the context of diagnosis?
Arterial Blood Gas.
## Footnote
ABG analysis helps assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
113
What does hypoxemia refer to?
Decreased oxygen levels in the blood.
## Footnote
Hypoxemia is a critical condition that requires immediate attention.
114
What does hypercarbia refer to?
Increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
## Footnote
Hypercarbia can lead to respiratory acidosis and requires management.
115
What does CXR reveal in emphysema patients?
Hyperinflation with flattened diaphragm.
## Footnote
This finding is indicative of the structural changes in the lungs due to emphysema.
116
What do PFTs assess?
Airflow rates and lung volume. Nurses need to routinely monitor change.
## Footnote
Pulmonary Function Tests are essential for diagnosing and monitoring respiratory conditions.
117
What laboratory tests are included in the diagnostic process?
WBC count, hemoglobin/hematocrit, sputum analysis.
## Footnote
These tests help rule out infections and assess overall health.
118
What is a physical assessment finding in COPD related to muscle mass?
Loss of muscle mass in extremities
## Footnote
This can indicate muscle wasting often seen in chronic conditions.
119
What does the presence of thin, enlarged neck muscles indicate in a COPD patient?
Increased respiratory effort
## Footnote
This may signify the use of accessory muscles for breathing.
120
What is orthopnea?
Discomfort when breathing while lying flat
## Footnote
Orthopnea can indicate congestive heart failure (CHF) and dyspnea.
121
What does the use of accessory muscles in the abdomen and neck suggest in a COPD patient?
Increased work of breathing
## Footnote
This is often observed in emphysema.
122
What is a characteristic breathing pattern in COPD patients? What happens to the lungs and diaphragm?
Prolonged expiration phase
More rapid, shallow breaths (chest dominant)
Use assessory muscles (neck, shoulders, back muscles, abdominal wall)
SOB
Wheezing
Lungs are chronically inflated and diaphragm flattened
## Footnote
This reflects the compensatory mechanisms during respiratory distress.
123
What type of respirations are commonly seen in COPD related to air-trapping?
Rapid, shallow respirations
## Footnote
This pattern is often due to difficulty in expelling trapped CO2.
124
What are diminished breath sounds and wheezes indicative of in COPD patients?
Inability to expel CO2 in trapped air
## Footnote
These signs are associated with more progressed stages of COPD.
125
What is a key intervention for monitoring patients with COPD?
Monitoring respiratory status
## Footnote
This involves assessing the patient's breathing patterns and oxygen levels.
126
What is the recommended oxygen flow rate for COPD patients?
2-4L/min NC
## Footnote
NC stands for nasal cannula.
127
What is pursed-lip breathing?
Breathe in through nose and out narrowed mouth
## Footnote
This technique helps expel CO2 and keeps bronchioles open longer.
128
What is the purpose of pursed-lip breathing?
Expels CO2, keep bronchioles open longer
## Footnote
This technique is particularly beneficial for COPD patients.
129
What positions are recommended for COPD patients?
Tri-pod, high fowlers, semi-fowlers/effective coughing
## Footnote
These positions help improve airflow and facilitate effective coughing.
130
What does HOB stand for in the context of patient positioning?
Head of Bed
## Footnote
Elevating the head of the bed can assist with breathing.
131
What is a key intervention for managing mucus in COPD patients?
Remove excessive mucus
## Footnote
Adequate fluid intake is indicated if there are no contraindications.
132
What can happen if too much oxygen is administered to COPD patients?
Decrease in hypoxic drive meaning RR will go down
## Footnote
This can lead to respiratory depression.
133
Fill in the blank: __________ is indicated if there are no contraindications for COPD patients.
Fluids
## Footnote
Fluids help thin mucus and aid in its expulsion.
134
What is a key component of drug therapy for COPD?
Inhalers
## Footnote
Inhalers are similar to those used for asthma.
135
What type of inhaler may be used for COPD patients to open the airway?
Rescue inhaler
136
What is the purpose of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD treatment?
To prevent inflammation (prophylactic)
137
What does drug therapy assist in for COPD patients?
Prevent, control and treatment of conditions
138
What are mucolytics used for in COPD, particularly in chronic bronchitis?
To reduce viscosity of bronchial secretions
139
What is the effect of mucolytics on coughing?
Promotes easier coughing up & expel
140
What is the benefit of using nebulizers for COPD patients?
More effective delivery of medicine
141
How does a nebulizer deliver medication?
Delivers directly to the respiratory system
142
When are nebulizers often used for COPD patients?
When inhalers are less effective
143
What is a key component of patient-centered collaborative care for COPD?
Exercise Conditioning
## Footnote
Exercise conditioning helps improve patients' overall health and respiratory function.
144
What is the purpose of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD care?
To help patients breathe and function at their own highest level
## Footnote
Pulmonary rehabilitation focuses on enhancing the quality of life for COPD patients.
145
What strategies should COPD patients develop?
Strategies for coping with their condition
## Footnote
Coping strategies can include techniques for managing symptoms and improving daily functioning.
146
Who monitors the progress of COPD patients in rehabilitation?
The rehab team
## Footnote
The rehab team plays a crucial role in overseeing patient progress and adjusting care plans as necessary.
147
What is one goal of exercise conditioning for COPD patients?
To prevent muscle deconditioning
## Footnote
Preventing muscle deconditioning is essential for maintaining strength and mobility in COPD patients.
148
How should exercise be approached for COPD patients?
With self-paced intervals, allowing for rest and continuation
## Footnote
Self-paced exercise helps patients manage their exertion levels and avoid fatigue.
149
What are the benefits of staying active for COPD patients?
Promotes circulation and improves respiratory function
## Footnote
Staying active can enhance overall health and help manage COPD symptoms.
150
What is the goal of suctioning and hydration in patient care?
To improve breath sounds
## Footnote
This is essential for patients with respiratory issues.
151
When should suctioning be performed?
Only as needed
## Footnote
This prevents unnecessary trauma and maintains airway effectiveness.
152
What should be administered before suctioning?
O2
## Footnote
Hyperoxygenate to ensure patients don't become hypoxic.
153
What should be increased to support patient hydration?
Fluid intake
## Footnote
Adequate hydration is crucial for respiratory health.
154
What should be avoided to support patient hydration?
Extreme temperatures
## Footnote
This helps maintain a stable environment for the patient.
155
What technique should be carried out during suctioning?
Aseptic technique
## Footnote
This minimizes the risk of infection during procedures.
156
What vital signs should be monitored during patient care?
Dyspnea, lung sounds, tachycardia, dysrhythmias
## Footnote
These indicators help assess the patient's respiratory status.
157
What are two surgical management options for severe COPD?
Transplant or lung reduction surgery
## Footnote
Lung reduction surgery involves removing the part of the lung most affected by COPD.
158
What are the breathing techniques mentioned for COPD?
* Pursed-lip breathing
* Diaphragmatic/abdominal breathing
## Footnote
These techniques are essential for managing breathing difficulties in COPD patients.
159
What is the purpose of breathing techniques in COPD management?
* Managing dyspneic episodes
* Reduce CO2 retention
* Improve oxygenation
* Include in all activities
* Reduces air trapping
## Footnote
These purposes help enhance the quality of life for patients with COPD.
160
What is the primary benefit of pursed-lip breathing?
Decreases air trapping
161
What effect does pursed-lip breathing have on the expiratory rate?
Prolongs expiratory rate
162
How does pursed-lip breathing affect CO2 retention?
Decreases CO2 retained
163
What does pursed-lip breathing create to aid in exhalation?
Resistance
164
Pursed-lip breathing helps to prevent what during exhalation?
Bronchiole collapse
165
What does pursed-lip breathing delay?
Airway compression
Airway compression refers to the narrowing or blockage of the airways, the passages that carry air to and from the lungs.
166
What is reduced by pursed-lip breathing, improving lung function?
Air trapping
167
Pursed-lip breathing helps keep what open during expiration?
Bronchioles
168
What does pursed-lip breathing reduce in the lungs?
Amount of old air
169
Pursed-lip breathing is associated with better management of _______.
Dyspnea
170
What is diaphragmatic breathing?
A technique involving lying on the back and bending the knees to improve functional capacity
## Footnote
Diaphragmatic breathing focuses on using the diaphragm for more efficient breathing.
171
What position is recommended for diaphragmatic breathing?
Laying on the back with knees bent
## Footnote
This position helps the abdomen relax, facilitating better diaphragm movement.
172
What happens to the abdomen during diaphragmatic breathing?
It relaxes
## Footnote
Relaxation of the abdomen allows for better diaphragm movement.
173
How does diaphragmatic breathing consciously increase movement?
By consciously engaging the diaphragm
## Footnote
This engagement enhances the efficiency of breathing.
174
What technique can create resistance during breathing?
Breathing through pursed lips
## Footnote
This method helps to delay airway compression and reduce air trapping.
175
What is the effect of breathing through pursed lips?
It creates resistance, delays airway compression, and reduces air trapping
## Footnote
This technique can improve overall breathing efficiency.
176
Fill in the blank: Diaphragmatic breathing improves _______.
[functional capacity]
## Footnote
This improvement can enhance overall respiratory function.
177
What is the primary cause of pneumonia in restrictive airway disease?
Inflammation process from infectious organisms
## Footnote
Pneumonia is often caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi that lead to inflammation in the lungs.
178
What occurs in the lungs during pneumonia?
Accumulation of fluid
## Footnote
This fluid accumulation can lead to impaired gas exchange and respiratory distress.
179
In which areas of the lungs does pneumonia occur?
Interstitial spaces, alveoli & bronchioles
## Footnote
These areas are crucial for gas exchange, and their involvement can severely impact lung function.
180
What happens to infectious organisms in pneumonia?
Organisms penetrate and multiply
## Footnote
This multiplication can overwhelm the immune response and lead to further complications.
181
How can pneumonia lead to systemic complications?
Travels into blood stream, sepsis
## Footnote
Sepsis is a life-threatening response to infection that can lead to tissue damage and organ failure.
182
What is empyema related to pneumonia?
Pus builds up in pleural space
## Footnote
Empyema can complicate pneumonia, requiring drainage and sometimes surgical intervention.
183
What is a major cause of death in the US?
Pneumonia
## Footnote
Pneumonia is particularly deadly among older adults and those in healthcare settings.
184
In which populations is pneumonia incidence higher?
Older adults, skilled nursing facilities, hospitals, and those on mechanical ventilation
## Footnote
These groups often have weaker immune systems.
185
What challenges do individuals with pneumonia face?
Difficult to overcome invading organisms
## Footnote
This is due to a weaker immune system.
186
What are the main etiological agents of pneumonia?
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, worms
## Footnote
Other contributing factors include aspiration, toxic inhalation, and smoke.
187
How is pneumonia categorized?
Hospital-acquired, health-care associated, ventilator-associated
## Footnote
Each category has different implications for treatment and prognosis.
188
Which type of pneumonia is generally considered easiest to deal with?
Bacterial pneumonia
## Footnote
Bacterial pneumonia typically responds well to antibiotics.
189
What is a common clinical manifestation of pneumonia related to mental status?
Unexpected confusion
## Footnote
Confusion can be a sign of hypoxia or severe infection.
190
List three common clinical manifestations of pneumonia.
* Sudden onset
* Poor appetite
* Chest discomfort (tightness)
191
What physical symptoms might indicate pneumonia?
* Flushed cheeks
* Anxious demeanor
* Tachypnea
* Dyspnea
* Cough
192
Fill in the blank: A patient with pneumonia may present with _______ and weakness.
poor appetite
193
What is a significant respiratory symptom of pneumonia?
Sputum production
## Footnote
Sputum may vary in color and consistency depending on the pathogen.
194
What does CXR stand for in a patient-centered collaborative care context?
Chest X-Ray
## Footnote
CXR is a common imaging technique used to diagnose conditions in the chest.
195
What are the findings associated with increased density in a CXR?
Consolidation
## Footnote
Increased density in a chest X-ray often indicates fluid or solid material in the lungs.
196
What laboratory test is performed to assess the presence of bacteria in the sputum?
Sputum for culture & sensitivity
## Footnote
This test helps identify the specific bacteria causing infection and their sensitivity to antibiotics.
197
What does CBC stand for?
Complete Blood Count
## Footnote
CBC is a common blood test that evaluates overall health and detects a variety of disorders.
198
What does BUN stand for in a laboratory context?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
## Footnote
BUN is a test that measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea, a waste product.
199
What does NA+ refer to in laboratory tests?
Sodium
## Footnote
NA+ is the chemical symbol for sodium, an essential electrolyte in the body.
200
What condition might elevated WBCs indicate?
Infection or inflammation
## Footnote
White blood cells (WBCs) increase in response to infections or inflammatory processes.
201
What could elevated BUN and NA indicate?
Dehydration
## Footnote
High levels of BUN and sodium can be a sign that the body is dehydrated.
202
What do ABGs assess in a patient?
Arterial oxygenation and CO2 levels
## Footnote
Arterial blood gases (ABGs) are critical for evaluating respiratory function and metabolic status.
203
What is the first step in patient-centered collaborative care for pneumonia?
Assess V/S & saturation
204
Which immunizations are important for pneumonia prevention?
Influenza & pneumococcal pneumonia
205
What hygiene practice is essential to prevent pneumonia?
Hand washing
206
What should be avoided to reduce the risk of pneumonia transmission?
Large gatherings
207
What precautions should be taken during flu season?
Prevent transmission
208
What environmental condition should be avoided to help prevent pneumonia?
Extreme weather
209
What should be inhibited to prevent flare-up triggers?
Flare-up triggers
210
What is the recommended daily fluid intake for hydration unless contraindicated?
2-3L/day
211
What should be applied before suctioning in pneumonia care?
Oxygen
212
What type of suctioning is used for nasal care?
Nasal suctioning
213
What type of suctioning is used for tracheostomy care?
Trach suctioning
214
What type of disease is silicosis?
Occupational pulmonary disease
## Footnote
Silicosis is primarily caused by exposure to silica dust in various occupational settings.
215
What is the primary cause of silicosis?
Long term mineral dust inhalation
## Footnote
This includes inhalation of silica dust found in environments such as mines, pottery, and during sandblasting.
216
Name three common environments where silicosis can occur.
* Mines
* Pottery
* Sandblasting
## Footnote
These environments expose workers to significant levels of silica dust.
217
What is formed between alveoli in silicosis?
Nodules
## Footnote
The formation of nodules is a key pathological feature of silicosis.
218
What chronic condition develops as a result of silicosis?
Chronic fibrosis
## Footnote
Fibrosis is the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, which impairs lung function.
219
What are the two main pathological processes associated with silicosis?
* Chronic inflammation
* Scarring
## Footnote
These processes contribute to the progression of the disease and the deterioration of lung function.
220
How long after exposure do symptoms of silicosis typically appear?
10-20 years
## Footnote
Symptoms often do not manifest until many years after the initial exposure to silica dust.
221
What is a common clinical manifestation of silicosis?
SOB (Shortness of Breath)
## Footnote
SOB is often one of the first symptoms experienced by patients with silicosis.
222
Name two symptoms associated with silicosis.
* Dyspnea on exertion
* Weight loss
## Footnote
These symptoms indicate the progression of silicosis and its impact on lung function.
223
What are the primary goals of treatment for silicosis?
* Relieve symptoms
* Improve quality of life
## Footnote
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further complications.
224
What vaccination is recommended for patients with silicosis?
* Pneumococcal
* Influenza
## Footnote
Vaccinations help prevent respiratory infections that can exacerbate silicosis.
225
Fill in the blank: Long-term _______ therapy is a treatment option for silicosis.
oxygen
226
What types of medications might be used in the treatment of silicosis?
* Bronchodilators
* Antibiotics
* Corticosteroids
## Footnote
These medications can help alleviate symptoms and manage inflammation in the lungs.
227
True or False: Lung transplant is a treatment option for silicosis.
True
228
What does dyspnea on exertion refer to in the context of silicosis?
Difficulty breathing during physical activity
## Footnote
This symptom signifies reduced lung capacity and function.
229
What is a common feeling reported by patients with silicosis besides respiratory symptoms?
Fatigue
## Footnote
Fatigue is often due to the body's increased effort to breathe and reduced oxygenation.
230
What is the role of reducing exposure in the treatment of silicosis?
To prevent further lung damage
## Footnote
Minimizing exposure to silica dust is crucial for managing the disease.
231
What should be obtained from the patient regarding silicosis?
History of occupational exposure
## Footnote
This includes details about the patient's work history related to silica exposure.
232
What is an important nursing intervention related to the onset of manifestations in silicosis?
Onset of manifestations
## Footnote
Nurses should assess when symptoms began to understand disease progression.
233
What action should be taken regarding the patient's environment?
Remove/transfer out of environment
## Footnote
This is crucial to prevent further exposure to harmful silica dust.
234
Who should the patient be referred to for compensation or pensions?
Social worker
## Footnote
A social worker can assist the patient in navigating compensation options related to occupational exposure.
235
What type of therapy is indicated for hypoxemia in silicosis patients?
Provide oxygen
## Footnote
Oxygen therapy is essential to manage low oxygen levels in patients with respiratory compromise.
236
What type of therapies should be provided to silicosis patients?
Respiratory therapies
## Footnote
This may include inhalers, nebulizers, or other treatments to improve lung function.
237
What is a tracheostomy?
Surgical incision of an airway into trachea
## Footnote
A procedure that creates an opening in the trachea for breathing.
238
What are the two types of procedures for tracheostomy?
Schedule vs. emergency procedure
## Footnote
Tracheostomy can be planned ahead or done in urgent situations.
239
What are the two durations for tracheostomy?
Temporary vs. permanent
## Footnote
Tracheostomies can be for short-term or long-term use.
240
Where is a tracheostomy typically performed?
In ICU or OR under general anesthesia
## Footnote
The procedure is usually done in a hospital setting.
241
What is the primary purpose of a tracheostomy?
Allows direct access to trachea
## Footnote
It facilitates breathing by bypassing the upper airway.
242
True or False: A tracheostomy allows breathing through the mouth and nose.
False
## Footnote
Breathing occurs directly through the tracheostomy, bypassing the mouth and nose.
243
What is a tracheostomy?
A surgical procedure to create an opening in the trachea for airway access
## Footnote
Often used when normal breathing is obstructed or compromised.
244
List at least three indications for performing a tracheostomy.
* Airway protection
* Obstruction
* Tumors
* Infection
* Severe injuries of neck/mouth
* Surgery involved face, neck/head
* Prolonged unconsciousness/coma
* Vocal cord paralysis
* Unsuccessful weaning from ventilator
## Footnote
These indications highlight the various medical scenarios where a tracheostomy may be necessary.
245
True or False: A tracheostomy can only be performed for short-term airway management.
False
## Footnote
A tracheostomy can be either long-term or short-term.
246
Fill in the blank: A tracheostomy provides _______ for patients who cannot breathe normally.
[oxygenation]
## Footnote
This is often achieved by connecting the patient to a ventilator.
247
What are some potential causes for airway obstruction that may necessitate a tracheostomy?
* Tumors
* Infection
* Severe injuries of neck/mouth
* Vocal cord paralysis
## Footnote
These conditions can lead to life-threatening situations requiring immediate airway intervention.
248
What is the role of a ventilator in relation to a tracheostomy?
To provide oxygen to breathe for patients with compromised airway
## Footnote
Ventilators can assist patients who are unable to breathe adequately on their own.
249
What is the primary focus of Tracheostomy Care?
Ensure a patent airway
## Footnote
A patent airway refers to an unobstructed breathing pathway, allowing air to flow freely into and out of the lungs. A patent airway is crucial for effective breathing and oxygenation.
250
What should be assessed when caring for a patient with a tracheostomy?
Bilateral breath sounds
## Footnote
No lung sounds on one side may indicate a complication that requires immediate attention.
251
What should be kept at the bedside during the first 72 hours after a tracheostomy?
Tracheostomy tube & insertion tray
## Footnote
This ensures readiness for emergencies or complications.
252
What is an Ambu-bag used for?
Manual resuscitation and positive pressure ventilation
## Footnote
It is used in emergencies or during transportation of the patient.
253
What condition involves air being trapped under the skin?
Subcutaneous emphysema
## Footnote
This can be a serious condition that requires monitoring and intervention.
254
What should be done if the ties of the tracheostomy are soiled?
Change the ties
## Footnote
Keeping the area clean is essential to prevent infection and ensure proper function.
255
What type of dressing is recommended underneath or around the trach site?
Duoderm/dressing
## Footnote
This helps protect the skin and absorb any secretions.
256
Who should be collaborated with during tracheostomy care?
Respiratory Therapists (RTs)
## Footnote
Collaboration enhances patient-centered care and improves outcomes.
257
What is the first step in tracheostomy suctioning?
Assess for suctioning needs
## Footnote
This involves determining if the patient requires suctioning based on clinical signs.
258
What type of procedure should be implemented during tracheostomy suctioning?
Sterile procedure to prevent ventilator acquired pneumonia
## Footnote
Maintaining sterility is crucial to minimize the risk of infections.
259
Why is it important to provide proper explanations to the patient before suctioning?
To ensure patient understanding and cooperation
## Footnote
Clear communication helps reduce anxiety and improves the effectiveness of the procedure.
260
What should be ensured regarding the suction source before starting the procedure?
Suction source appropriately set up
## Footnote
Proper setup includes checking equipment function and readiness.
261
How long should pre-oxygenation be performed before suctioning?
30 seconds to 3 minutes
## Footnote
Pre-oxygenation helps to maintain adequate oxygen levels during the procedure.
262
What is the maximum duration for suctioning during the procedure?
No more than 10-15 seconds
## Footnote
Limiting suction duration helps to prevent hypoxia.
263
What additional care should be provided after suctioning?
Suction mouth & mouth care
## Footnote
Oral care is essential for maintaining overall hygiene and comfort.
264
What should be done with soiled dressing and trach ties?
Change soiled dressing & trach ties
## Footnote
Regular changing helps prevent infection and ensures proper care of the tracheostomy site.
265
What is hypoxemia?
Low O2 level in blood
## Footnote
Hypoxemia is a specific condition characterized by insufficient oxygen in the bloodstream.
266
What is hypoxia?
Decreased tissue oxygenation
## Footnote
Hypoxia refers to a condition in which there is a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues.
267
What are the indications of hypoxia?
* Low Partial Pressure of Arterial Oxygen (PaO2)
* Decreased arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2)
* Conditions with poor gas exchange
* Acute & chronic breathing problems
* COPD
* Pneumonia
* Bleeding/low H/H
* Sepsis/fever
* CHF/CO decreased
## Footnote
These indications help in diagnosing hypoxia and its severity.
268
What is hypoxia?
A condition of insufficient oxygen in the tissues
## Footnote
Hypoxia can lead to various physiological and clinical changes.
269
List three clinical manifestations of hypoxia.
* Confusion
* Changes in LOC
* Restlessness
* SOB on exertion
270
What compensatory mechanisms may occur during hypoxia?
* Tachycardia
* Tachypnea
271
What are common symptoms experienced in hypoxia?
* Shortness of breath (SOB)
* Dyspnea
* Using accessory muscles
272
Hypoxia can lead to cyanosis in which areas of the body?
* Oral mucosa
* Nail beds
273
What is the best measurement for O2 determination?
Arterial blood gas (ABG)
## Footnote
ABG provides a direct measurement of arterial oxygen levels, making it the most accurate test for assessing oxygenation.
274
Which non-invasive method is used to measure oxygen saturation?
Pulse Oximetry
## Footnote
Pulse oximetry is a common, non-invasive way to monitor the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood.
275
What should you do while treating a patient with hypoxia?
Stay with patient
## Footnote
Staying with the patient ensures continuous monitoring and immediate response to any changes in their condition.
276
What is the initial oxygen delivery method for a patient with hypoxia?
Nasal Cannula 2-4L/min
## Footnote
Nasal cannulas are often used for patients needing low-flow oxygen therapy.
277
What is the maximum oxygen delivery percentage for a Venturi mask?
Up to 40%
## Footnote
Venturi masks can deliver precise oxygen concentrations, making them suitable for patients requiring controlled oxygen therapy.
278
What is the goal O2 saturation for most patients with hypoxia?
Achieve O2 Sat 95%
## Footnote
Maintaining an oxygen saturation of 95% is generally considered adequate for most patients.
279
For a patient with a chronic condition like COPD, what should you titrate the oxygen saturation to?
88-92%
## Footnote
In patients with COPD, it is often safer to aim for lower oxygen saturation levels to avoid respiratory drive suppression.
280
What should be frequently checked for pressure points in a patient with hypoxia?
Ears, neck, and face
## Footnote
Regular checks help prevent skin breakdown and discomfort.
281
How often should oral care be provided for a patient with hypoxia?
Every 4 hours or as needed (prn)
## Footnote
Oral care is essential for maintaining oral hygiene and preventing infections.
282
What type of products should be used to lubricate the nostrils, lips, and face?
Non-petroleum products
## Footnote
Non-petroleum products are less likely to cause irritation or adverse reactions.
283
What items are prohibited in the room of a patient with hypoxia?
Smoking, candles, and matches
## Footnote
These items pose fire hazards and can worsen respiratory conditions.
284
How often should a patient with hypoxia be repositioned?
Every 2 hours
## Footnote
Repositioning helps prevent pressure ulcers and promotes better circulation.
285
What is the maximum flow rate for a nasal cannula?
6L/min
## Footnote
A nasal cannula is a device used to deliver supplemental oxygen to a patient.
286
What percentage of oxygen does a simple face mask administer?
40-60%
## Footnote
A simple face mask can accommodate higher flow rates than a nasal cannula.
287
What is the flow rate range for a non-rebreather mask?
10-15L/min
## Footnote
A non-rebreather mask provides the highest concentration of oxygen.
288
What is the FIO2 range provided by a non-rebreather mask?
95-100%
## Footnote
FIO2 refers to the fraction of inspired oxygen delivered to the patient.
289
What nursing intervention is necessary to ensure proper function of a non-rebreather mask?
Ensure valve & flaps intact, functional
## Footnote
This ensures that the mask delivers the intended oxygen concentration.
290
What should a nurse check regarding the reservoir bag of a non-rebreather mask?
Check reservoir bag for deflation
## Footnote
A deflated bag indicates insufficient oxygen flow.
291
What should be done if the reservoir bag is deflated?
Turn up O2 if bag deflated
## Footnote
This action ensures the patient receives adequate oxygen.
292
True or False: A simple face mask can administer more than 6L/min.
True
## Footnote
Unlike a nasal cannula, a simple face mask can operate at higher flow rates.
293
What are the effects of oxygen on COPD?
Chronically high CO2 retention
## Footnote
This can lead to complications such as hypercapnic respiratory failure.
294
Why are patients with COPD at risk for hypercapnic respiratory failure?
High CO2 levels no longer stimulate breathing
## Footnote
This can result in drowsiness, headaches, tachypnea, and potentially death.
In COPD patients, breathing is stimulated primarily by low oxygen levels, rather than high carbon dioxide levels, as it is in healthy individuals. This shift to a "hypoxic drive" occurs because the body's chemoreceptors, which normally respond to carbon dioxide, become less sensitive due to chronic exposure to elevated CO2 levels.
295
What is the goal for oxygen saturation in COPD patients?
Maintain saturation 88-92%
## Footnote
This target helps to prevent complications associated with high CO2 levels.
296
What should be frequently monitored in COPD patients receiving oxygen?
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)
## Footnote
Frequent monitoring is essential to assess oxygenation and CO2 retention.
297
Is the use of a non-breather mask recommended for COPD patients?
No, it is not recommended
## Footnote
Alternative methods of oxygen delivery should be considered to avoid complications.
298
What does pulse oximetry show?
Hemoglobin saturation with oxygen
## Footnote
Normal saturation levels are between 95-100%
299
What is the significance of a pulse oximetry reading below 85%?
Tissue struggle to be oxygenated
## Footnote
This indicates potential hypoxemia
300
What are the clinical signs of desaturation that pulse oximetry can detect?
Dusky, pale mucosa and nail beds
## Footnote
These signs may appear as oxygen levels drop
301
What does a pulmonary function test evaluate?
Lung function and breathing problems
## Footnote
It measures lung volumes, capacities, flow rate, and airway resistance
302
Who implements pulmonary function tests at the bedside?
Respiratory Therapist (RT)
## Footnote
They are trained to perform and interpret these tests
303
What should be monitored after a pulmonary function test?
Dyspnea and bronchospasm
## Footnote
These can be complications following the procedure
304
What is bronchoscopy used for?
Assessing airway structures and obtaining tissue samples for biopsy or culture
## Footnote
Bronchoscopy assists in diagnosing and managing pulmonary disease.
305
What conditions can skin testing identify?
Tuberculosis (TB), allergies, and viral infections such as mumps
## Footnote
Skin testing is a diagnostic method for various respiratory conditions.
306
What does Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) evaluate?
Gas exchange and perfusion
## Footnote
ABG tests are crucial for monitoring treatment and adjusting patient care.
307
What is the purpose of monitoring Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) results?
To monitor current treatment and adjust care based on results
## Footnote
It evaluates the patient's responses to treatment.
308
What happens to maximum lung function in geriatrics?
Maximum function gradually declines
## Footnote
This decline affects overall respiratory efficiency.
309
How do peak flow and gas exchange change in older adults?
Peak flow & gas exchange decreases
## Footnote
This reduction can lead to insufficient oxygenation.
310
What happens to vital capacity in geriatric patients?
Vital capacity lessens
## Footnote
This reduction impacts the ability to take deep breaths.
311
What change occurs in residual volume among older adults?
Increases in residual volume, air trapping
## Footnote
This can lead to decreased efficiency in breathing.
312
What happens to respiratory muscles as individuals age?
Respiratory muscles decline
## Footnote
This decline can affect overall respiratory strength.
313
How do lung defense mechanisms change with age?
Lung defense mechanisms decrease
## Footnote
This makes older adults more susceptible to respiratory infections.
314
What effect does aging have on airway resistance?
Increases airway resistance
## Footnote
Higher resistance can complicate airflow.
315
How does aging impact exercise capacity?
Decreases exercise capacity
## Footnote
This can limit physical activity and overall health.
316
What anatomical change in older patients involves increased rigidity?
Rigidity of chest wall. Chest wall rigidity is a condition where the muscles of the chest and abdomen become stiff or rigid, making it difficult to breathe.
This stiffness reduces the compliance of the chest wall, making both spontaneous and assisted ventilation challenging.
## Footnote
This rigidity can affect respiratory function and overall lung capacity.
317
What happens to rib _____ in older patients?
Increases rib calcification. Rib calcification, specifically costal cartilage calcification, is a common age-related process where the cartilaginous parts of the ribs, which connect to the sternum, become calcified, a hardening process.
## Footnote
Increased calcification can lead to decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage.
318
What is a consequence of reduced muscle strength and mass in older patients?
Decline in clearance of inhaled particles
## Footnote
This decline can lead to increased risk of respiratory infections.
319
How does aging affect coughing reflexes?
Coughing reflexes less effective
## Footnote
This can impair the ability to clear secretions from the airway.
320
What effect does aging have on mucus in the airway?
Increases mucus collecting in airway
## Footnote
This accumulation can contribute to respiratory complications.
321
What changes in respiratory function are observed in geriatric patients?
Aging process changes include:
* Weak cough
* Decreased muscle strength
* Less effective cough reflex
* Unable to cough up sputum
## Footnote
These changes can lead to increased respiratory secretions.
322
What should be assessed in geriatric patients with increased respiratory secretions?
Assess for:
* LOC
* Confusion
* Hypoxemia
* Cyanosis
* Breath sounds
## Footnote
These assessments help determine the severity of respiratory issues.
323
What are some nursing interventions for managing increased respiratory secretions in geriatric patients?
Nursing interventions include:
* Obtain oxygen levels
* Suctioning per orders
## Footnote
These interventions are critical for maintaining airway clearance and gas exchange.
324
What is the NANDA diagnosis related to ineffective airway management in geriatric patients?
NANDA diagnoses include:
* Ineffective Airway Clearance
* Ineffective Breathing Pattern
* Impaired Gas Exchange
## Footnote
These diagnoses help guide nursing care and interventions.
325
What is the primary purpose of an Incentive Spirometer (IS)?
Promotes lung expansion
## Footnote
The Incentive Spirometer is designed to encourage patients to take deep breaths, which helps expand the lungs.
326
What does the Incentive Spirometer improve?
Improves inspiratory muscles
## Footnote
By using the device, patients can strengthen the muscles involved in inhalation.
327
What pulmonary complications does the Incentive Spirometer help prevent?
Prevents pulmonary complications
## Footnote
Regular use of the IS can reduce the risk of complications such as pneumonia.
328
What condition can the Incentive Spirometer help reverse?
Reverse atelectasis
## Footnote
Atelectasis refers to the collapse of alveoli in the lungs, and the IS aids in reopening them.
329
What is the first step in using an Incentive Spirometer?
Take a deep breath & exhale
## Footnote
This initial step prepares the lungs for effective use of the device.
330
What is the correct way to use the mouthpiece of an Incentive Spirometer?
Seal lips around mouthpiece
## Footnote
Proper sealing ensures that inhalation is effective and that the device functions correctly.
331
How long should a patient hold their breath while using the Incentive Spirometer?
Hold 3-5 seconds
## Footnote
Holding the breath allows for better lung expansion and gas exchange.
332
What should patients aim to achieve while using the Incentive Spirometer?
Attain & set specific volumes goal
## Footnote
Patients are encouraged to set and reach specific volume targets to track their progress.
333
How frequently should a patient use the Incentive Spirometer according to the example provided?
10 times every hour while awake
## Footnote
This frequency is often prescribed to maximize the benefits of the device.
334
What is the previous term for Pulmonary Hygiene?
Pulmonary Toilet
335
Name a method performed for pulmonary hygiene.
Airway suctioning
## Footnote
Other methods include nasal-tracheal suction, bronchoscopy, incentive spirometry, positioning & chest physiotherapy.
336
What is the purpose of incentive spirometry in pulmonary hygiene?
To encourage deep breathing and improve lung function.
337
What positioning technique is used in pulmonary hygiene?
Gravity positions to drain mucus
338
What technique can be used to further dislodge mucus?
Cupped hand or vibrate chest
339
Which patients should not undergo chest physiotherapy?
Patients with CHF, HTN, frail elderly, ventriculostomy/ICP patients
A ventriculostomy is a medical procedure involving the insertion of a catheter into one of the brain's ventricles to either drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or monitor intracranial pressure (ICP)
340
What happens to thick secretion during pulmonary hygiene?
Moves to larger airways
341
How can mucus be removed during pulmonary hygiene?
Cough or suction mucus out
342
Fill in the blank: Methods performed for pulmonary hygiene include airway suctioning, nasal-tracheal suction, ________, incentive spirometry, positioning & chest physiotherapy.
Bronchoscopy
343
True or False: Positioning and chest physiotherapy are methods included in pulmonary hygiene.
True
344
What type of lung disease is asthma classified as?
Asthma is classified as an obstructive lung disease
## Footnote
This classification is due to the reversible narrowing of the airways.
345
What are the primary causes of airway narrowing in asthma?
Airway narrowing in asthma is caused by:
* Inflammation
* Bronchoconstriction
* Mucus production
## Footnote
These factors contribute to difficulty in exhaling air.
346
What symptoms are associated with asthma due to airway obstruction?
Symptoms include:
* Difficulty exhaling
* Air trapping
* Wheezing
## Footnote
These symptoms result from the obstructive nature of asthma.
347
How do restrictive lung diseases differ from obstructive lung diseases?
Restrictive lung diseases reduce lung expansion, lowering total lung capacity (TLC)
## Footnote
In contrast, obstructive lung diseases primarily affect airflow out of the lungs.
348
Fill in the blank: Asthma primarily affects airflow due to _______.
airway narrowing and obstruction
349
What is the main issue in restrictive lung diseases?
The main issue is getting air in
## Footnote
Examples include pulmonary fibrosis and scoliosis.
350
True or False: Asthma reduces total lung capacity.
False
## Footnote
Asthma affects airflow, not lung volume.
351
What are nebulizers used for?
Nebulizers are used with liquid medications prescribed by a doctor.
352
How do nebulizers deliver medication?
Medications are converted into a fine mist that can be inhaled through a mouthpiece or mask.
353
What are common types of medications used with nebulizers?
* Bronchodilators
* Corticosteroids
* Sometimes antibiotics
354
What is an obturator used for in tracheostomy procedures?
To guide the placement of the tracheostomy tube into the airway.
355
What is the primary purpose of an obturator during tracheostomy tube insertion?
To prevent the tube from scraping against airway tissues.
356
How is the obturator positioned during the tracheostomy procedure?
It is inserted into the outer cannula and then guided into the stoma.
357
What happens to the obturator once the outer cannula is properly positioned?
It is immediately removed.
358
What is the significance of using an obturator during tracheostomy?
It reduces the risk of airway trauma and ensures proper ventilation.
359
True or False: The obturator remains in place after the tracheostomy tube is inserted.
False.
360
Fill in the blank: An obturator helps ensure that the tracheostomy tube is placed correctly, reducing the risk of _______.
airway trauma.
361
What should be done with the obturator in case of an emergency?
It should be kept readily available, e.g., taped to the headboard.
362
What is the role of the inner cannula in the tracheostomy procedure?
It is inserted after the obturator is removed to allow for airflow.
363
What is the primary purpose of inner cannula care for a tracheostomy?
To prevent blockages and infections
364
How often should the inner cannula be changed or cleaned?
At least twice daily
365
When should the inner cannula be cleaned more frequently?
If secretions build up inside the tube
366
What should be done if the inner cannula cannot be cleaned adequately?
It should be disposed of and replaced
367
What is the first step in the cleaning process of the inner cannula?
Removing the cannula
368
Fill in the blank: Cleaning involves soaking the cannula in a _______.
[solution]
369
What tool is used to clean the inner cannula?
A brush
370
What are the final steps in the cleaning process of the inner cannula?
Rinsing and drying
371
True or False: The inner cannula should only be cleaned once a day.
False
372
What are the two times of the day when the inner cannula should be cleaned?
Morning and night
373
What is the primary purpose of inner cannula care for a tracheostomy?
To prevent blockages and infections
374
How often should the inner cannula be changed or cleaned?
At least twice daily
375
When should the inner cannula be cleaned more frequently?
If secretions build up inside the tube
376
What should be done if the inner cannula cannot be cleaned adequately?
It should be disposed of and replaced
377
What is the first step in the cleaning process of the inner cannula?
Removing the cannula
378
Fill in the blank: Cleaning involves soaking the cannula in a _______.
[solution]
379
What tool is used to clean the inner cannula?
A brush
380
What are the final steps in the cleaning process of the inner cannula?
Rinsing and drying
381
True or False: The inner cannula should only be cleaned once a day.
False
382
What are the two times of the day when the inner cannula should be cleaned?
Morning and night
383
Q: What is a correct step when inserting an oropharyngeal airway?
A:
• Use an airway that is the correct size (e.g., 90 mm for average adult)
• Airway should reach from mouth opening to back angle of the jaw
• Open patient’s mouth using thumb and index finger to gently pry teeth apart
• Insert the airway with the curved tip pointing up toward the roof of the mouth
384
What happens to the digestive system as people age?
The digestive system slows down, including the stomach emptying process.
385
What increases the chance of reflux in older adults?
Food or liquid sitting in the stomach longer than normal.
386
What is aspiration?
The movement of food or liquid from the stomach backward into the esophagus and possibly into the lungs.
387
What is the relationship between slower gastric motility and aspiration risk in older adults?
Slower gastric motility leads to slower stomach emptying, increasing the risk of food or fluid entering the airway.
388
What can aspiration lead to in older adults?
Aspiration pneumonia or other respiratory problems.
389
Fill in the blank: Slower gastric motility results in _______.
slower stomach emptying.
390
True or False: Aging has no effect on the digestive system.
False.
391
What do pulmonary function tests (PFTs) measure?
Lung volumes and capacities to assess lung function
## Footnote
PFTs help diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, COPD, and pulmonary fibrosis.
392
Define Tidal Volume (TV).
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal, quiet breathing.
393
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
The extra volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath.
394
What does Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) refer to?
The extra volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal breath.
395
What is Residual Volume (RV)?
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.
396
What is the definition of Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled, starting from a normal end-expiration (IRV + TV).
397
Define Vital Capacity (VC).
The total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation (IRV + TV + ERV).
398
What does Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) measure?
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation (ERV + RV).
399
What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?
The total volume of air that the lungs can hold (IRV + TV + ERV + RV).
400
True or False: Lung capacities are combinations of lung volumes.
True.
401
Fill in the blank: PFTs help diagnose conditions like _______ and COPD.
asthma
402
List the four primary lung volumes measured during PFTs.
* Tidal Volume (TV)
* Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
* Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
* Residual Volume (RV)
403
List the four primary lung capacities measured during PFTs.
* Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
* Vital Capacity (VC)
* Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
* Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
404
What is the primary function of the vocal cords?
Regulating airflow
## Footnote
Vocal cords open and close to control the passage of air during breathing, speaking, and swallowing.
405
What can vocal cord paralysis lead to in terms of breathing?
Breathing difficulty
## Footnote
This occurs because paralyzed vocal cords may not open or close properly, affecting airflow.
406
What is airflow obstruction in the context of vocal cord paralysis?
Impeded airflow in and out of the lungs
## Footnote
This can cause symptoms like shortness of breath, wheezing, and noisy breathing.
407
What happens when vocal cords do not close completely?
Food, fluids, and saliva can enter the airway and lungs
## Footnote
This can lead to serious complications like aspiration pneumonia.
408
What is stridor?
A high-pitched wheezing sound during breathing in
## Footnote
It occurs due to narrowed airflow, often linked to vocal cord paralysis.
409
How do vocal cords protect the airway during swallowing?
By closing to prevent food and liquids from entering the airway
## Footnote
Paralysis can compromise this function, leading to choking and coughing.
410
List some other symptoms of vocal cord paralysis.
* Hoarseness or breathy voice
* Loss of vocal pitch
* Inability to speak loudly
* Weak cough
* Loss of gag reflex
## Footnote
These symptoms can significantly impact communication and safety.
411
True or False: Vocal cord paralysis can lead to aspiration pneumonia.
True
## Footnote
This is due to the risk of food and fluids entering the airway when vocal cords do not close properly.
