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Med Surg1 Exam 3 > Urinary Elimination > Flashcards

Urinary Elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

Involuntary loss of urine

This condition affects individuals regardless of age or childbirth history.

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2
Q

What are the two types of urinary incontinence?

A

Temporary vs. permanent

Understanding the duration can help in treatment planning.

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3
Q

Is urinary incontinence related to childbirth or aging?

A

Unrelated to childbirth or aging

This condition can affect anyone, not just those who have given birth or are elderly.

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4
Q

What percentage of women reported urinary incontinence?

A

45%

This statistic highlights the prevalence among women.

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5
Q

What percentage of men reported urinary incontinence?

A

20%

This indicates that urinary incontinence is also a significant issue for men.

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6
Q

What are some geriatric considerations for urinary incontinence?

A
  • Decrease bladder capacity
  • Perineal muscle tone weaker
  • Enlarged prostate

These factors contribute to the higher prevalence of urinary incontinence in older adults.

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7
Q

What is stress incontinence?

A

Incontinence during sneezing, coughing, lifting, or jogging

Stress incontinence occurs when there is an inability to tighten the urethra, often seen after childbirth.

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8
Q

What causes urge incontinence?

A

Bladder contracts regardless of urine amount, related to CVA, caffeine & alcohol, artificial sweeteners, diuretics

Urge incontinence is characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate.

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9
Q

What is mixed incontinence?

A

Combination of urge and stress incontinence, more common in older women

Mixed incontinence often occurs after menopause due to low estrogen levels.

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10
Q

What happens in overflow incontinence?

A

Detrusor muscle fails to contract, leading to bladder over-distension

Overflow incontinence can be caused by an enlarged prostate or nerve damage from conditions like diabetes, alcoholism, or Parkinson’s.

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11
Q

What is functional incontinence?

A

Loss of cognitive function leading to incontinence

Conditions like dementia or CVA can result in functional incontinence.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Stress incontinence occurs when one is unable to tighten the _______.

A

urethra

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13
Q

True or False: Mixed incontinence is more common in younger women.

A

False

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14
Q

List the factors that can contribute to urge incontinence.

A
  • CVA
  • Caffeine
  • Alcohol
  • Artificial sweeteners
  • Diuretics
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15
Q

What physiological changes contribute to mixed incontinence after menopause?

A

Vaginal, urethral, and pelvic muscles thin and weaken

Low estrogen levels after menopause can cause these changes.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Overflow incontinence can occur due to an enlarged _______.

A

prostate

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17
Q

What is a common underlying condition for functional incontinence?

A

Dementia

Cognitive decline can impair the ability to recognize the need to urinate.

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18
Q

What is a risk factor for urinary incontinence related to age?

A

Increased age

Age is a significant risk factor as the likelihood of urinary incontinence tends to increase with advancing age.

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19
Q

Which gender is more likely to experience urinary incontinence?

A

Female

Gender plays a role, with females generally experiencing higher rates of urinary incontinence.

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20
Q

Name a common medical condition that can increase the risk of urinary incontinence.

A

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

UTIs can irritate the bladder and lead to incontinence.

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21
Q

What type of medical procedures can contribute to urinary incontinence?

A

Surgical procedures

Procedures such as prostatic, radical urologic, and gynecologic surgeries can increase the risk.

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22
Q

List two types of medications that may increase the risk of urinary incontinence.

A
  • Diuretics
  • Analgesics

These medications can affect bladder control and increase the likelihood of incontinence.

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23
Q

What hormonal change post-menopause can affect urinary incontinence?

A

Low estrogen level

Low estrogen levels after menopause can lead to changes in bladder function.

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24
Q

What aspect of resources can impact the management of urinary incontinence?

A

Available assistance

Inadequate resources or assistance can hinder effective management of urinary incontinence.

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25
What financial aspect may influence the treatment of urinary incontinence?
Costly products ## Footnote The expense of products for managing incontinence can be a barrier for some individuals.
26
Name a chronic illness that is a risk factor for urinary incontinence.
* Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) * Arthritis * Parkinson’s Disease ## Footnote Chronic illnesses can impair bladder control and increase incontinence risk.
27
What is the significance of the number of previous deliveries in relation to urinary incontinence?
Increased risk ## Footnote The number of previous deliveries can correlate with a higher risk of urinary incontinence.
28
What is a primary problem associated with urinary incontinence?
Incontinence: specify ## Footnote This refers to the specific type of incontinence experienced by the patient.
29
What are some risk factors to assess in urinary incontinence?
Risk factors ## Footnote These may include age, gender, medical history, and lifestyle choices.
30
What voiding patterns should be assessed in urinary incontinence?
Voiding patterns ## Footnote This includes frequency, urgency, and any instances of nocturia.
31
What aspects of urine should be assessed in patients with urinary incontinence?
Amount, Color, Clarity, Odor ## Footnote Each of these characteristics can provide insight into the patient's urinary health.
32
What is a common psychological issue related to urinary incontinence?
Self esteem disturbance ## Footnote Patients may feel embarrassed or ashamed due to incontinence.
33
What knowledge-related issue may be present in patients with urinary incontinence?
Knowledge Deficit ## Footnote Patients may lack information about managing their condition.
34
What is a potential social consequence of urinary incontinence?
Social Isolation ## Footnote Patients may withdraw from social activities due to embarrassment.
35
What is a risk associated with prolonged urinary incontinence?
Risk for impaired skin integrity ## Footnote Skin breakdown can occur due to moisture from incontinence.
36
Fill in the blank: Assessment of urinary incontinence includes evaluating _______.
voiding patterns ## Footnote Understanding voiding patterns helps in diagnosing and managing incontinence.
37
True or False: Frequency of urination is a key aspect to assess in urinary incontinence.
True ## Footnote Assessing frequency can help determine the severity of incontinence.
38
What is the first step in Bowel & Bladder Training?
Start a schedule for voiding ## Footnote Regularity is essential to establish a routine for the patient.
39
What is the goal of pelvic floor/Kegel exercises?
Improve & maintain pelvic muscle strength ## Footnote These exercises are crucial for managing urinary incontinence.
40
How long does it typically take to see positive changes from Bowel & Bladder Training?
Approximately 6 weeks ## Footnote It's important to continue the practice consistently for the best results.
41
How many times a day should pelvic floor/Kegel exercises be practiced?
10 times a day ## Footnote Consistency is key for effectiveness.
42
What dietary adjustments should be made for urinary incontinence management?
Weight reduction, adequate fluid intake, limit after dinner, avoid alcohol and caffeine ## Footnote Nutrition plays a significant role in managing urinary incontinence.
43
What medications are commonly taught to patients for urinary incontinence?
Detrol LA, Ditropan ## Footnote These medications inhibit fibers and stimulate bladder contraction.
44
What are potential side effects of medications for urinary incontinence?
Urinary retention, painful urination, UTI ## Footnote Teaching patients about expected and potential side effects is crucial for adherence.
45
What is a key factor in poor adherence to urinary incontinence medications?
Adverse effects ## Footnote Understanding side effects can help improve patient compliance.
46
What is the purpose of gradually increasing voiding intervals?
To lengthen voiding intervals ## Footnote This is part of the timing strategy in Bowel & Bladder Training.
47
What is the goal of patient-centered collaborative care for urinary incontinence?
Select the best technique for available resources & lifestyles ## Footnote This approach emphasizes individual patient needs and circumstances.
48
What are some containment options for urinary incontinence?
* Incontinence pads * Internal Catheters ## Footnote These options help manage urinary leakage.
49
What is the purpose of intermittent catheters in urinary incontinence management?
Demo/return-demo to prevent UTI ## Footnote This technique helps in educating patients on proper use to minimize infection risk.
50
When are indwelling catheters indicated for urinary incontinence?
Not indicated for incontinence unless pt has severe skin breakdown and needs to maintain dry for healing ## Footnote Indwelling catheters are typically not recommended for routine incontinence management.
51
What is the goal of patient-centered collaborative care in urinary incontinence?
Maintaining tissue integrity ## Footnote This refers to the preservation of the skin and underlying tissues, which can be compromised by incontinence.
52
What are male external catheters also known as?
Condom Catheters ## Footnote These are external devices used to manage urinary incontinence in males.
53
In which type of patients should the use of external catheters be avoided?
Restless or combative patients ## Footnote Such patients may dislodge the catheter or cause injury.
54
What is a female external catheter called?
Purwick ## Footnote Purwick is an external catheter designed specifically for females.
55
How does the Purwick external catheter function?
It consists of an elongated tube wrapped in wicking material that uses vacuum to pull urine into a suction canister. ## Footnote This design helps manage urine effectively while minimizing skin contact.
56
What are fecal collectors used for?
To manage fecal incontinence ## Footnote Fecal collectors help contain and divert feces away from the skin.
57
What are examples of products used for managing urinary incontinence?
* Briefs * Rectal tubes ## Footnote These products are designed to absorb urine or contain feces, ensuring comfort and hygiene.
58
What is cystitis?
Bladder inflammation ## Footnote Cystitis can be classified as infectious or noninfectious.
59
What are the pathogens associated with infectious cystitis?
Pathogens from bowel & vagina, virus, mycobacteria, parasites, yeast ## Footnote These pathogens can lead to bladder inflammation.
60
What are some causes of urinary irritation leading to infectious cystitis?
Trauma, instrumentation, long-term catheters, infrequent voiding, obstructions ## Footnote These factors can increase the risk of developing infectious cystitis.
61
What lifestyle factors can contribute to infectious cystitis?
Poor personal hygiene, sexual intercourse, prostate disease, menopause ## Footnote These factors can increase susceptibility to bladder infections.
62
What are the causes of noninfectious cystitis?
Drugs, receiving radiation, immunologic responses, feminine hygiene sprays, spermicides, long-term catheter without infection ## Footnote Noninfectious cystitis does not involve pathogens.
63
What complications can lead to noninfectious cystitis?
Gyn ca, pelvic inflammatory disorders, endometriosis, Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, lupus, TB ## Footnote These conditions can cause inflammation of the bladder without infection.
64
What are the common clinical manifestations of cystitis?
Frequency, urgency, dysuria, nocturia, painful urination, difficulty initiating urine stream, low back pain, incontinence, retention, hematuria, pyuria, suprapubic tenderness, incomplete bladder emptying ## Footnote These symptoms represent the typical presentation of cystitis.
65
Name three symptoms of cystitis related to urination.
* Frequency * Urgency * Dysuria ## Footnote These are key symptoms that indicate bladder irritation or infection.
66
What might indicate cystitis in older adults?
* Confusion * Unexplained falls * Sudden incontinence ## Footnote Older adults may present atypically, showing cognitive and mobility changes.
67
What are the signs of urosepsis?
* Fever * Tachycardia * Hypotension ## Footnote Urosepsis is a severe complication of urinary tract infections that requires immediate medical attention.
68
True or False: Suprapubic tenderness is a clinical manifestation of cystitis.
True ## Footnote Suprapubic tenderness is commonly associated with bladder inflammation.
69
Fill in the blank: In cystitis, patients may experience _______ which is characterized by blood in urine.
hematuria ## Footnote Hematuria is a common finding in urinary tract infections.
70
What symptom indicates difficulty with bladder function in cystitis?
Incomplete bladder emptying ## Footnote This can lead to further complications if not addressed.
71
List two symptoms of cystitis that are specifically related to pain.
* Painful urination * Low back pain ## Footnote Pain is a significant component of the patient's experience with cystitis.
72
What is a potential urinary symptom that could signify an inability to hold urine?
Incontinence ## Footnote Incontinence can occur due to irritation of the bladder and surrounding structures.
73
What is the term for the presence of pus in urine, often seen in cystitis?
Pyuria ## Footnote Pyuria indicates infection or inflammation in the urinary tract.
74
What is the primary focus of patient-centered collaborative care in cystitis?
To ensure comprehensive management and treatment of the condition ## Footnote This approach emphasizes the involvement of the patient in their own care.
75
What are the key diagnostic methods for cystitis?
* History/Physical * Urinalysis & culture * Pelvic US or CT * Identify if obstruction present * Cystoscopy for recurrent UTIs * Identify structure abnormalities ## Footnote These diagnostics help in confirming the presence and nature of cystitis.
76
What is the purpose of a urinalysis (U/A) post-treatment in cystitis?
To ensure clear of UTI ## Footnote This step is crucial to confirm that the infection has been resolved.
77
List the main treatment options for cystitis.
* Antibiotics * Antiseptics * Analgesics * Antispasmodics ## Footnote These treatments aim to alleviate symptoms and eradicate the infection.
78
True or False: Cystoscopy is used for diagnosing first-time urinary tract infections.
False ## Footnote Cystoscopy is typically reserved for recurrent UTIs to identify structural abnormalities.
79
Fill in the blank: A _______ is used to identify structure abnormalities in cases of recurrent UTIs.
Cystoscopy ## Footnote Cystoscopy provides direct visualization of the urinary tract.
80
What imaging techniques are used to assess cystitis?
* Pelvic US * CT ## Footnote These imaging techniques help in identifying potential obstructions or abnormalities.
81
What role do analgesics play in the treatment of cystitis?
They help alleviate pain associated with the condition ## Footnote Analgesics are important for improving patient comfort.
82
What is the first step in the diagnostic process for cystitis?
History/Physical ## Footnote A thorough history and physical examination are essential for initial assessment.
83
True or False: Antiseptics are used as a primary treatment for cystitis.
False ## Footnote Antibiotics are the primary treatment, while antiseptics may be used as adjunctive therapy.
84
What is a recommended nursing implication for cystitis?
Sitz baths ## Footnote Sitz baths can help relieve discomfort associated with cystitis.
85
What is the recommended fluid intake for patients with cystitis?
↑ fluid intake to 2-3 Liters per day ## Footnote Increased fluid intake helps dilute urine and flush out bacteria.
86
How often should patients with cystitis be encouraged to void?
Every 2 hours ## Footnote Regular voiding can help reduce urinary retention and bacterial growth.
87
What is the proper technique for wiping to prevent cystitis?
Wipe from front to back ## Footnote This technique helps prevent the spread of bacteria from the rectal area to the urethra.
88
What should patients do after intercourse to prevent cystitis?
Urination after intercourse ## Footnote Urinating after sexual activity helps flush out bacteria introduced during intercourse.
89
What type of education should be provided for cystitis prevention?
Prevention education ## Footnote Education can include tips on hygiene, fluid intake, and lifestyle changes.
90
What type of bathing is recommended for patients with cystitis?
Shower not bath ## Footnote Showers may reduce the risk of bacterial exposure compared to baths.
91
What should be done for peri-care after each bowel movement?
Peri-care after each BM ## Footnote Proper peri-care can help maintain hygiene and prevent urinary tract infections.
92
What type of underwear is recommended for patients with cystitis?
Cotton underwear, loose clothing ## Footnote Cotton underwear allows better airflow and reduces moisture, which can prevent bacterial growth.
93
What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
A condition characterized by the enlargement of the prostate gland.
94
What role do androgens play in BPH?
Androgens contribute to the aging process and enlargement of prostate tissue.
95
What anatomical change occurs in the prostate with BPH?
The gland enlarges and outspreads into the bladder, causing obstruction.
96
What happens to the bladder muscle in BPH?
The bladder muscle thickens.
97
What is the effect of BPH on urinary retention?
It increases residual urine and leads to urinary retention.
98
What can high residual urine lead to in BPH patients?
It can cause overflow urinary incontinence.
99
What symptoms may occur due to urinary stasis in BPH?
Symptoms include dribbling and leakage.
100
What complications can arise from urinary stasis in BPH?
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and calculi.
101
Fill in the blank: BPH is characterized by an enlargement of the _______.
[prostate gland]
102
True or False: BPH can lead to thickening of the bladder muscle.
True
103
What is a complication of untreated BPH that involves the inability to urinate?
Acute urinary retention ## Footnote Acute urinary retention can lead to severe discomfort and may require immediate medical intervention.
104
What is chronic urinary retention?
A complication of untreated BPH characterized by the prolonged inability to completely empty the bladder ## Footnote Chronic urinary retention can lead to further complications if not addressed.
105
What is hydroureter?
Dilation of the ureters due to untreated BPH complications ## Footnote Hydroureter can occur when urine flow is obstructed, causing the ureters to enlarge.
106
What is hydronephrosis?
Dilation of the kidneys as a complication of untreated BPH ## Footnote Hydronephrosis can lead to kidney damage if not treated promptly.
107
What severe condition can result from the complications of untreated BPH?
Chronic kidney failure ## Footnote Chronic kidney failure can have serious health implications and may require dialysis or kidney transplantation.
108
What does BPH stand for?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
109
What is a manifestation of BPH characterized by difficulty starting urine flow?
Hesitancy starting urine
110
What term describes a urine stream that is not strong?
Weak stream
111
What is the sensation of not being able to completely empty the bladder called?
Incomplete sensation
112
What symptom involves difficulty in initiating urination?
Straining to start urinate
113
What is the term for involuntary leakage of urine?
Dribbling/leaking
114
What term refers to the presence of blood in urine?
Hematuria
115
What psychological symptoms may be associated with BPH?
Irritable, depressed
116
What is the term for waking up at night to urinate?
Nocturia
117
Fill in the blank: A weak stream of urine is a manifestation of _______.
[Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia]
118
True or False: Hematuria is a common symptom of BPH.
True
119
Name one psychological manifestation of BPH.
Irritable or depressed
120
What is the focus of patient-centered care?
The focus is on the patient's preferences, needs, and values being prioritized in the clinical decision-making process. ## Footnote Patient-centered care emphasizes the importance of involving patients in their own healthcare decisions.
121
What is included in the diagnostics for BPH?
Diagnostics include: * Urinalysis & culture * BUN/creatinine * Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) & acid phosphatase * Transabdominal/transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) * Prostate tissue biopsy ## Footnote These diagnostic tests help assess the condition and rule out other issues.
122
What does BUN stand for in the context of BPH diagnostics?
Blood Urea Nitrogen ## Footnote BUN is a test used to evaluate kidney function.
123
What is the purpose of a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test?
To measure the level of PSA in the blood, which can indicate prostate issues, including BPH and prostate cancer. ## Footnote Elevated PSA levels may require further investigation.
124
What is a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) used for?
To visualize prostate anatomy and assess abnormalities. ## Footnote TRUS can help guide biopsy procedures.
125
Fill in the blank: A _______ biopsy is performed to obtain tissue samples from the prostate.
prostate tissue ## Footnote This procedure is crucial for diagnosing prostate conditions.
126
What is the purpose of hormonal treatment in BPH?
Decrease prostate size & increase urine flow ## Footnote Hormonal treatments aim to alleviate symptoms by reducing the size of the prostate, which in turn helps improve urinary function.
127
What are prostate stents used for in BPH treatment?
To maintain permanent patency in the urethra ## Footnote Prostate stents are devices placed in the urethra to prevent blockage and facilitate urine flow.
128
What does the acronym TURP stand for in BPH treatment?
Transurethral Resection of Prostate ## Footnote TURP is a surgical procedure that involves removing a portion of the prostate gland to relieve urinary obstruction.
129
How is the TURP procedure performed?
Via endoscopic instrument to enlarge prostate portion removed ## Footnote This minimally invasive technique allows surgeons to access the prostate through the urethra.
130
What is the purpose of Holmium Laser Enucleation of Prostate (HoLEP)?
Obstructive prostate tissue removed by laser ## Footnote HoLEP is a modern laser surgery technique that effectively removes excess prostate tissue to improve urine flow.
131
What are the urinary signs and symptoms associated with BPH?
Retention > 60 ml, Recurrent UTIs, Epigastric discomfort, Poor urinary control, Hematuria, Embarrassment ## Footnote These symptoms indicate complications related to benign prostatic hyperplasia.
132
What is the priority problem related to BPH?
Pain, Incontinence, Fatigue, Anxiety/Fear, Sleep disturbance, Sexual dysfunction ## Footnote Priority problems must be addressed to improve patient quality of life.
133
Fill in the blank: One urinary sign of BPH is _______.
Retention > 60 ml
134
True or False: Recurrent UTIs are a common symptom of BPH.
True
135
List two psychological issues that may arise as priority problems in BPH.
* Anxiety/Fear * Sleep disturbance
136
What is a common physical symptom associated with BPH that affects urinary control?
Incontinence
137
Fill in the blank: A patient with BPH may experience _______ discomfort.
Epigastric
138
What is one social concern that may affect patients with BPH?
Embarrassment
139
Identify one symptom indicating a need for assessment in BPH patients.
Hematuria
140
What type of dysfunction may be considered a priority problem in BPH?
Sexual dysfunction
141
True or False: Fatigue is not considered a priority problem in BPH.
False
142
What should be avoided to prevent BPH?
Alcohol, caffeine, and diuretics ## Footnote These substances can exacerbate urinary symptoms in patients with BPH.
143
What type of medications should be eliminated to prevent urinary retention?
Antihistamines, decongestants, and anticholinergics ## Footnote Antihistamines: These medications can make it harder to empty the bladder and worsen symptoms. Decongestants: Decongestants can constrict muscles around the urethra, making it difficult to urinate. Diuretics: Diuretics increase urine output and may worsen BPH symptoms. Some NSAIDs: While some NSAIDs may help reduce prostate size, others can worsen urinary retention. Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs): These can affect bladder function and worsen BPH symptoms. Muscle Relaxers: Some muscle relaxers like cyclobenzaprine and orphenadrine can also worsen BPH symptoms. These medications can lead to increased urinary retention, worsening BPH symptoms.
144
What is a recommended practice regarding fluid intake to prevent BPH symptoms?
## Footnote This can help manage urinary frequency and urgency.
145
At what age should rectal exams start for BPH screening?
Age 50 ## Footnote Regular screening is important for early detection of prostate issues.
146
What should be monitored post-op for BPH patients?
Pain, infection, bleeding ## Footnote Monitoring these factors is crucial for early detection of complications.
147
What is the significance of monitoring urine output (UO) in post-op BPH patients?
Monitor if UO < 30 ml/hr ## Footnote Low urine output can indicate potential complications such as obstruction or kidney issues.
148
What aspects of urine should be monitored post-op?
Color, consistency & amount ## Footnote Changes in these characteristics can signal complications or inadequate healing.
149
What is the goal of maintaining the CBI rate in post-op BPH patients?
To keep urine clear without clots ## Footnote Continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) helps prevent obstruction and promotes healing.
150
What should be done if there is an obstruction in post-op BPH patients?
Hand irrigation for obstruction ## Footnote This helps to clear any blockages that may occur post-operatively.
151
What color should the urine ideally be post-op for BPH patients?
Clear/pink ## Footnote Clear to pink urine indicates proper healing and absence of significant bleeding.
152
What are verbal concerns regarding sexual function related to BPH?
Concerns about sexual function such as retrograde ejaculation. ## Footnote Retrograde ejaculation is a condition where semen enters the bladder instead of exiting through the penis during ejaculation.
153
What is a nursing focus for elderly patients with BPH?
Focus on disorientation and reorienting frequently. ## Footnote Reorienting can help elderly patients feel more secure and less confused.
154
What should nurses remind elderly BPH patients regarding urination?
Remind them not to wait for a full bladder and to urinate as soon as they have the urge. ## Footnote Prompt urination can help prevent complications and discomfort.
155
What can be done to provide a sense of security for elderly BPH patients?
Bring familiar things from home and use distractions. ## Footnote Familiar items can offer comfort and reduce anxiety.
156
True or False: Restraints are recommended for elderly patients with BPH to ensure safety.
False ## Footnote Using restraints can lead to increased feelings of insecurity and confusion.
157
What does CAUTI stand for?
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection ## Footnote CAUTI is a type of hospital-acquired infection specifically related to urinary catheters.
158
What are Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs)?
Infections acquired during hospital stays that were not present at admission ## Footnote HAIs can include various types of infections, such as CAUTI, CLABSI, SSI, MRSA, and CDI.
159
What does CLABSI stand for?
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection ## Footnote CLABSI is another type of hospital-acquired infection associated with central lines.
160
What does SSI stand for?
Surgical Site Infection ## Footnote SSI refers to infections that occur after surgery in the part of the body where the surgery took place.
161
What is MRSA?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ## Footnote MRSA is a type of bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics and can cause severe infections.
162
What does CDI stand for?
Clostridium difficile Infection ## Footnote CDI is an infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile, often associated with antibiotic use.
163
What happens to hospitals with high HAI cases regarding Medicare payments?
They receive reduced pay from Medicare ## Footnote This policy is intended to incentivize hospitals to reduce the incidence of HAIs.
164
How much does Medicare save annually due to HAIs?
Approximately $350 million ## Footnote This figure represents the savings Medicare achieves by reducing the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections.
165
What is the most important risk factor for CAUTI?
Prolonged use of urinary catheter ## Footnote CAUTI stands for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection.
166
What is the primary goal regarding urinary catheter use?
Minimize urinary catheter use and duration ## Footnote This approach helps reduce the risk of infections.
167
When should a urinary catheter be removed post-operatively?
Within 24 hours ## Footnote Early removal is associated with lower infection rates.
168
What alternative methods can be considered instead of urinary catheters?
External catheter or intermittent catheterization ## Footnote These methods can reduce the risk of CAUTI.
169
What is the purpose of a bladder scan?
To assess urine volume ## Footnote This helps determine the need for catheterization.
170
What should be identified to differentiate catheterization needs?
Catheterization needs vs. low urine output (UO) ## Footnote Understanding this distinction is crucial for appropriate management.
171
What practice is essential before and after handling urinary catheters?
Hand hygiene ## Footnote Proper hand hygiene is vital to prevent infections.
172
Who should insert catheters?
Properly trained persons ## Footnote Ensuring trained personnel minimizes the risk of complications.
173
What is the purpose of maintaining a closed drainage system in urinary catheter maintenance?
To prevent infection and maintain proper drainage ## Footnote A closed drainage system minimizes exposure to external contaminants.
174
What precautions should be applied at all times during urinary catheter maintenance?
Standard precautions ## Footnote Standard precautions include hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment.
175
What should be done to keep the catheter tube in urinary catheter maintenance?
Keep it free from kinking ## Footnote Kinking can obstruct urine flow and increase infection risk.
176
Where should the catheter bag be positioned in relation to the bladder?
Below the level of the bladder ## Footnote This positioning helps to prevent backflow of urine.
177
How often should the catheter bag be emptied?
Regularly ## Footnote Regular emptying is important to prevent overflow and maintain hygiene.
178
What should be done to the insertion catheter sites in urinary catheter maintenance?
Cleansing daily ## Footnote Daily cleansing reduces the risk of infection at the insertion site.
179
What is the purpose of closing continuous irrigation in urinary catheter maintenance?
To prevent obstruction ## Footnote Continuous irrigation can help keep the catheter patent and reduce blockage.
180
What does TRUS stand for?
Transrectal Ultrasound ## Footnote TRUS is primarily a diagnostic tool for prostate imaging.
181
What is the primary purpose of TRUS?
Imaging the prostate gland and taking biopsies ## Footnote TRUS helps in diagnosing prostate cancer and evaluating prostate conditions.
182
What type of procedure is TURP?
Surgical procedure ## Footnote TURP is performed to remove excess prostate tissue.
183
What does TURP stand for?
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate ## Footnote TURP is used to alleviate urinary symptoms from an enlarged prostate.
184
What is the main use of TURP?
To relieve urinary symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate ## Footnote TURP involves removing prostate tissue that obstructs urine flow.
185
What is the procedure for TRUS?
An ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum ## Footnote This allows visualization of the prostate and surrounding tissues.
186
What can be guided by TRUS during the procedure?
Biopsies ## Footnote A needle guided by ultrasound can be used to take biopsies.
187
True or False: TRUS can be used to treat urinary symptoms.
False ## Footnote TRUS is a diagnostic tool, while TURP is a treatment procedure.
188
Fill in the blank: TRUS is primarily used for _______.
diagnosing prostate cancer ## Footnote TRUS evaluates the size and shape of the prostate.
189
List two uses of TRUS.
* Diagnose prostate cancer * Evaluate the size and shape of the prostate ## Footnote TRUS is crucial for guiding biopsies and assessing prostate conditions.
190
What should BPH patients generally avoid?
Medications containing antihistamines, decongestants, diuretics, some NSAIDs, tricyclic antidepressants, and muscle relaxers. ## Footnote These medications can worsen urinary symptoms and retention in BPH patients.
191
How do decongestants affect urinary symptoms in BPH patients?
Decongestants can constrict muscles around the urethra, making it difficult to urinate. ## Footnote Examples include pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine.
192
What impact do antihistamines have on BPH symptoms?
Antihistamines can make it harder to empty the bladder and worsen symptoms. ## Footnote An example is diphenhydramine.
193
Fill in the blank: _______ can increase urine output and may worsen BPH symptoms.
Diuretics
194
What is the effect of some NSAIDs on BPH symptoms?
While some NSAIDs may help reduce prostate size, others can worsen urinary retention.
195
Which type of antidepressants can worsen BPH symptoms?
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). ## Footnote TCAs can affect bladder function.
196
True or False: Muscle relaxers like cyclobenzaprine can improve BPH symptoms.
False
197
What are examples of muscle relaxers that can worsen BPH symptoms?
Cyclobenzaprine and orphenadrine.

Med Surg1 Exam 3 (17 decks)

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