Acute Inflammation

Question 1

What are the 4 clinical signs of inflammation?

Answer 1

Redness, heat, swelling, pain (loss of function)

Question 2

Purpose of redness?

Answer 2

Delivering more blood to site

Question 3

Purpose of heat?

Answer 3

Increasing temperature to inhibit replication of pathogens

Question 4

Purpose of swelling?

Answer 4

Dilution of pathogens/toxins, providing wound healing, factors/mediators

Question 5

Purpose of pain?

Answer 5

Restricting movement allowing time for repair

Question 6

What do macrophage release during initiation of inflammation?

Answer 6

Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Chemokines
Eicosanoids

Question 7

Examples of Pro-inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 7

TNF-a, IL1, IL6

Question 8

What can mast cells release in response to IL1 and C3a and C5a?

Answer 8

pre-stored histamine

Question 9

What are the three major steps of acute inflammation? Result of each?

Answer 9

Dilation of small vessels and local stasis of blood flow - redness, heat

Increased vascular permeability to permit exit of fluid, plasma proteins, leukocytes - swelling, pain

Migration and accumulation of leukocytes into the site of injury and their activation - pain, loss of function

Question 10

Draw out the arachidonic acid cascade.

Question 11

Two substances involved in vasodilation?

Answer 11

Histamine and nitric oxide

Question 12

Describe increased vascular permeability?

Answer 12

Slides 11/12

Question 13

Review the pathway of leukocyte migration on slide 16.

Question 13

Discuss the components of normal laminar flow.

Answer 13

Slide 17

Question 14

Six steps of leukocyte migration.

Answer 14

Activated mast cell
Margination
Rolling
Activation
Stable adhesion
Transmigration

Question 15

What does margination cause?

Answer 15

Vasodilation and decreased axial flow

Question 16

What does rolling involve?

Answer 16

Selectins

Question 17

What does stable adhesion involve?

Answer 17

Integrins
ICAM-1

Question 18

Components of transmigration?

Answer 18

PECAM-1
Integrin
Extracellular matrix
Chemokines

Question 19

Watch Leukocyte Migration Movie SLIDE 21

Question 20

What do animals with leukocyte adhesion deficiency lack?
Presentation?

Answer 20

Functional expression of B2 integrins
Severe gingivitis, tooth loss, oral ulcers, abscesses (without pus), pneumonia, diarrhea

Question 21

What is chemotaxis?
Two types of chemoattractants? Function?

Answer 21

movement of a motile cell
Endogenous and exogenous
Bind G protein coupled receptors

Question 22

Discuss steps of chemotaxis signaling on slide 24.

Question 23

WATCH chemotaxis video on slide 26.

Question 24

How long do neutrophils last?

Answer 24

only a few days

Question 25

If the offense is destroyed, what happens to neutrophils (2)?

Answer 25

undergo apoptosis Removed by macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 26

If neutrophils are infected what happens?

Answer 26

Slide 27

Question 27

In neutrophils are uninfected what happens?

Answer 27

Slide 27

Question 28

If the offense remains, what happens?

Answer 28

More neutrophils recruited and switch to more chronic inflammatory response

Question 29

Discuss systemic effects of acute inflammation.

Answer 29

Slide 31

Question 30

3 components of systemic inflammation?

Answer 30

Mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 31

Discuss functions of fever.

Answer 31

Slide 33

Question 32

What lab findings help us ID systemic inflammation? (specific components of each)

Answer 32

CBC (leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and left shift) and Acute phase proteins (positive- increase during inflammation)

Question 33

What are acute phase proteins primarily induced by?

Answer 33

IL 6

Question 34

What are acute phase proteins produced by?

Answer 34

hepatocytes

Question 35

Appearance timeline of acute phase proteins?

Answer 35

90 minutes

Question 36

Discuss C-reactive proteins.

Answer 36

Slide 37

Question 37

Discuss serum amyloid A.

Answer 37

Slide 38

Question 38

What is amyloidosis?

Answer 38

a rare disease characterized by a buildup of abnormal amyloid deposits in the bod

Question 39

Discuss iron binding molecules. Importance? Role in pathogenic mechanisms?

Answer 39

Slide 40

Question 40

Role of protease inhibitors?

Answer 40

inhibit neutrophil proteases at inflammatory sites

Question 41

Role of negative acute phase proteins? Example?

Answer 41

Decrease during inflammation Albumin

Question 42

Discuss Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.

Answer 42

Slide 42

Question 43

Why are certain species more sensitive to sensitive shock? Species?

Answer 43

PIMS Cat, horse, sheep, pig

Question 44

Species without PIMS? As a result?

Answer 44

dogs, rodents less susceptible to septic shock

Question 45

Three MAJOR steps of acute inflammation

Answer 45

Vasodilation Vascular permeability Migration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation

Question 46

Steps of leukocyte migration?

Answer 46

1. Margination 2. Rolling 3. Adhesion 4. Extravasation

Question 47

Vasoactive lipids are derived from what and role in vetmed?

Answer 47

cell membrane/drug targets

Question 48

Three major acute pro-inflammatory cytokines? Act on?

Answer 48

IL1, IL6, TNFa hypothalamus, liver, bone marrow

Question 49

Where are acute phase proteins produced? In response to?

Answer 49

liver pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 50

SIRS occurs when?

Answer 50

inflammatory cascades are set in motion throughout the body