Innate Immune Recognition and Effector Mechanisms

Question 1

PAMP abundance, prevalence, absent in what tissues?

Answer 1

Abundant, essential molecules
Common to many microbes
Absent from host tissues

Question 2

PAMP Gram positive bacteria example?

Answer 2

peptidoglycans

Question 3

PAMP gram negative bacteria example?

Answer 3

lipopolysaccharide

Question 4

PAMP virus example?

Answer 4

dsRNA

Question 5

What are the signaling types of PRRs?
Describe location and examples.

Answer 5

Toll like receptors- membranous, wide variety of ligands
NOD like receptors- cytoplasmic, peptidoglycan
RIG 1 like receptors- cytoplasmic, viral dsRNA

Question 6

Where are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) found?

Answer 6

Cell surface
Cytoplasmic
Endosomal
Soluble

Question 7

Where are TLRs 4 and 5 located and function?

Answer 7

plasma membrane
recognize bacterial, fungal, parasite wall components

Question 8

TLRs 3, 7, 8, 9 location and function?

Answer 8

Endosomal membrane, recognize bacterial/viral RNA, DNA

Question 8

Write out the 4 components of PRR signaling?

Answer 8

Slide 8

Question 9

IBD is common in what breed?
Why?
Result?

Answer 9

German shepherd
polymorphisms of TLR4 and TLR5 genes
Reduced ability to defend against bacteria in intestine

Question 10

Why does normal flora in the gut not trigger enteritis?

Answer 10

TLR5 recognizes flagellin

Question 11

Describe leaky gut syndrome?

Answer 11

Activation of normal flora

Question 12

Where are NOD like receptors located, recognize what, signal through?

Answer 12

cytosol
peptidoglycan
NF-kB

Question 13

Where are RIG-1-like receptors, recognize, activate, expression of?

Answer 13

cytosol
recognizes dsRNA and ssRNA
activates nF-KB
expression of type I IFNs

Question 14

What do phagocytic receptors trigger?

Answer 14

Phagocytosis

Question 15

Phagocytic Complement receptor recognizes?

Answer 15

microbes coated with complement components

Question 16

Phagocytic FcyR recognizes?

Answer 16

microbes coated with IG

Question 17

Phagocytic mannose receptor recognizes?

Answer 17

sugar residues on microbes

Question 18

In opsonization, C3b is recognized by Complement Receptor __ and __ (____).

Answer 18

1 and 3 (CR1 and CR3)

Question 19

In opsonization, what is IGG recognized by?

Answer 19

FcYr

Question 20

Draw and write out phagocytosis part II.

Answer 20

Slide 20

Question 20

What action is more efficient phagocytosis than through PRRs alone?

Answer 20

opsonization

Question 21

Write out the 4 steps of phagocytosis.

Answer 21

Slide 19

Question 22

What produces mannose-binding lectin? Activates?

Answer 22

liver, CS

Question 22

Draw and write out phagocytosis part III.

Answer 22

Slide 21, 22, 23

Question 23

C-reactive major what? Produced by? Activates?

Answer 23

acute phase protein liver activates complement, enhances phagocytic clearance

Question 24

How does the immune system recognize when self is damaged?

Answer 24

Stimulate immune response to clean up Pathogenic tissue causes cell and tissue injury

Question 25

What does the immune system release in response to cell injury?

Answer 25

releases cytosolic/nuclear proteins and metabolites

Question 26

What does the immune system release in response to tissue injury?

Answer 26

extracellular matrix components

Question 27

Two types of DAMPs?

Answer 27

Intracellular and extracellular

Question 28

5 results of PRR signaling?

Answer 28

Phagocytic activation, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, lipid mediators

Question 29

What does phagocyte activation do?

Answer 29

upregulation of respiratory burst enzymes, phagocytic receptors, antigen presenting molecules

Question 30

Cytokine function?

Answer 30

Induce production of more leukocytes Start inflammatory cascade

Question 31

Chemokine function?

Answer 31

Leukocyte recruitment

Question 32

Adhesion molecule function?

Answer 32

Allow leukocytes to stop and migrate from blood to tissues

Question 33

Lipid mediator function?

Answer 33

Arachidonic acid cascade Platelet activating factor

Question 34

How do sentinel cells recognize and respond to PAMPs and DAMPs?

Answer 34

engagement of PRRs

Question 35

Three PRRs?

Answer 35

TLRs NLRs RLRs

Question 36

Ligand binding results in activation of ___ or _____. Thus, _______________

Answer 36

NF-KB or IRF transcription of genes involved in inflammation

Question 37

Phagocytic PRRs trigger ________ thus _____________ involving enzymes, low pH, free radicals

Answer 37

engulfment of microbes phagolysosomal degradation

Question 38

Recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs triggers the formation of the _________ thus activation of _____ and _____.

Answer 38

inflammasome IL1B and IL18

Question 39

NETS type of process?

Answer 39

active

Question 40

NETs respond to ______ and _______.

Answer 40

IL 8 and PAMPS

Question 41

NETS composed of? (what is super sticky)

Answer 41

DNA- super sticky Histones Elastase Defensins Myeloperoxidase

Question 42

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes what? Presentation?

Answer 42

severe pleuropneumonia in dogs Well demarcated areas of necrosis bordered by neutrophils and NETS

Question 43

What is a major basic protein? Cytotoxic for what?

Answer 43

Eosinophil; helminths

Question 43

Eosinophil cationic protein function?

Answer 43

Pore-forming in membranes Digests RNA

Question 44

Eosinophil derived neurotoxin function?

Answer 44

Ribonuclease with antiviral properties

Question 45

Eosinophil peroxidase function?

Answer 45

Oxidative damage via H2O2

Question 46

NADPH oxidase on plasma membrane function?

Answer 46

oxidative burst

Question 47

What are the two types of receptors of NK?

Answer 47

Activation and Inhibitory receptors

Question 48

Function of activation receptor?

Answer 48

recognize viral proteins, altered surface glycoproteins , antibody coated cells

Question 49

Function of inhibitory receptor?

Answer 49

recognize normal MHC class I expressed on all nucleated cells, marker of self , overrides activation signaling

Question 50

If the inhibitory signal is absent then ______________.

Answer 50

releases lytic granules

Question 51

Where does perforin insert?

Answer 51

membrane

Question 52

Where does granzyme enter and trigger?

Answer 52

pore and apoptosis

Question 53

What are the 3 effector mechanisms of the innate immune system? Importance of each?

Answer 53

1. Phagocytosis and degradation - extracellular and intracellular infections 2. Extracellular granule release- extracellular and helminth infections 3. NKC targeted cytotoxicity- viral infections and cancer

Question 54

Phagosomal maturation is the process of ______________ and ________________.

Answer 54

acidification and fusion with lysosomes respiratory burst

Question 55

Uric acid is a _________.

Answer 55

DAMP

Question 56

Any treatment that blocks IL1 will make pt

Answer 56

prone to infection

Question 57

Inflammasome activates

Answer 57

IL1

Question 58

What is systemic lupus erythematosus?

Answer 58

Slide 43

Question 59

Connection between PRRs and vaccination?

Answer 59

receptors

Question 60

TLRs and cancer connection?

Answer 60

See slide 45

Question 61

Write out slide 46.

Answer 61

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