Innate Immunity: Barriers, Organs, and Cells

Question 1

When does the body acquire the innate immune system, specificity, and time of response?

Answer 1

In place at birth
Non-specific
Responds immediately

Question 2

What are the 3 main components of the innate immune system?

Answer 2

1. Physical/physiological barriers
2. Antimicrobial molecules
3. Sentinel/phagocytic cells

Question 3

What are the components of the epithelium that aid in its immune barrier?

Answer 3

Tight junctions
Cell turnover

Question 4

What are the components of the mucus/tears/sebum that aid in its immune barrier?

Answer 4

pH
lysozyme- breaks down outer cell wall
bile
pancreatic enzymes

Question 5

What are the components of the flushing/peristalsis that aid in its immune barrier?

Answer 5

mucociliary apparatus

Question 6

Four physical/physiological barriers?

Answer 6

1. Epithelium
2. Mucus/tears/sebum
3. Flushing/peristalsis
4. Commensal flora

Question 7

What are antimicrobial molecules produced by?

Answer 7

Epithelial cells and leukocytes

Question 8

Functions of antimicrobial molecules?

Answer 8

1. Direct toxicity to bacteria, fungi, protozoa, enveloped viruses, tumor cells
2. Activate/recruit leukocytes
3. Bind/neutralize lipopolysaccharide
4. Stimulates wound healing, vascularization

Question 9

4 examples of antimicrobial molecules?

Answer 9

1. Defensins
2. Cathelicidins
3. Lysozyme
4. Lactoferrin

Question 10

Example of an opsonin?

Answer 10

C3b

Question 11

What are the mucosal antibodies of opsonins?

Answer 11

IgM, IgA, IgG

Question 12

What type of protein is the intersection between adaptive and innate immunity?

Answer 12

Opsonins

Question 13

What are opsonins more susceptible to and why?

Answer 13

More susceptible to phagocytosis because they are extracellular molecules that bind to microbes

Question 14

Three examples of sentinel cells?

Answer 14

Mast cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

Question 15

Function of mast cells?

Answer 15

Initiate inflammation

Question 16

Function of macrophages?

Answer 16

Inflammation and phagocytosis

Question 17

Function of dendritic cells?

Answer 17

Process antigen to start adaptive response

Question 18

Where are sentinel cell mainly located?

Answer 18

Bone marrow

Question 19

Where are sentinel cells produced?

Answer 19

Hematopoiesis

Question 20

What cells are myeloid?

Answer 20

Granulocytes, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, myeloid dendritic cells

Question 21

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 21

Bone marrow/Bursa of Fabricus
Thymus

Question 21

What cells are lymphoid?

Answer 21

T and B cells, natural killer cells

Question 22

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 22

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
MALT/GALT (peyer’s patches)/BALT

Question 23

Stem cells are self what?

Answer 23

renewing

Question 23

What cells comprise the majority of innate immune cells?

Answer 23

Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophil, monocyte, macrophage, myeloid dendritic cell, NKC, Lymphoid DC

Question 24

Write out the pathway of hematopoiesis.

Answer 24

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Question 25

Two adaptive immune cells?

Answer 25

T and B lymphocytes

Question 26

Where do lymphocytes mature?

Answer 26

generative lymphoid organs

Question 26

Draw out the maturation of mononuclear phagocytes and dendritic cells.

Answer 26

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Question 27

Development of lymphocytes in birds and marrow? T cells?

Answer 27

Bird- bursa of fabricius Mammal- Bone marrow T cells- thymus

Question 28

Where do lymphocytes develop?

Answer 28

Bone marrow

Question 29

Where do mature naive B cells and T cells circulate to?

Answer 29

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 30

What are myeloid cells defined by?

Answer 30

Cell shape, nucleus shape, granule staining

Question 31

Describe pathway of naive B and T cells?

Answer 31

respond to antigens in secondary lymphoid tissues or return by lymphatic drainage to the blood and recirculate through other secondary lymphoid organs

Question 32

Two cell shape types?

Answer 32

Round vs. irregular

Question 33

Two shapes of nucleus?

Answer 33

Round vs. multilobulated

Question 34

Granule staining eosin?

Answer 34

Eosinophils

Question 35

Hematoxylin granule staining?

Answer 35

Basophil/mast cell

Question 36

Little dye uptake?

Answer 36

Neutrophil

Question 36

What type cell is the majority of circulating leukocytes?

Answer 36

Neutrophils

Question 37

Appearance of neutrophils?

Answer 37

Multilobular nucleus Pale-staining granules

Question 38

Role of neutrophils?

Answer 38

First responders that aren't in the tissue

Question 39

Primary function of neutrophils?

Answer 39

Primary function to kill infecting microbes

Question 40

Draw out what granule contents do?

Answer 40

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Question 41

What are heterophils?

Answer 41

In rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs they act like neutrophils

Question 42

Birds heterophils lack significant ________.

Answer 42

myeloperoxidase

Question 43

What do neutrophil extracellular traps do?

Answer 43

Nuclear contents extruded

Question 44

NETosis type of process?

Answer 44

Active

Question 45

What are DNA coated with in NETosis?

Answer 45

histones and granule components

Question 46

What does NETosis capture?

Answer 46

microbes, kills them, destroys virulence factors

Question 47

Where are NET traps abundant?

Answer 47

At sites of acute inflammation

Question 48

Where do eosinophils live (type of tissue)?

Answer 48

connective tissue

Question 49

Eosinophil shape and nuclei shape?

Answer 49

Round; round to multilobular

Question 50

Eosinophil granules are _____________ (color)

Answer 50

brightly eosinophilic

Question 51

When do basophils migrate into tissues?

Answer 51

multicellular parasite infections, late phase allergic reactions

Question 51

Primary function of eosinophils? Plays a role in?

Answer 51

Multicellular parasites; allergic responses

Question 52

Basophil cell shape, nuclei shape, and color?

Answer 52

Round, multilobulated, deeply basophilic

Question 52

Monocytes are the circulating precursors of what two cells?

Answer 52

DCs and macrophages

Question 53

Macrophage shape, nucleus shape, color, and cytoplasm appearance?

Answer 53

large amoeboid, round, pale basophilic, vacuolated cytoplasm

Question 53

Basophil function?

Answer 53

Th2 response

Question 53

Monocyte function?

Answer 53

Respond to inflamed tissues

Question 53

Monocytes shape, nucleus shape, cytoplasm appearance?

Answer 53

Irregular, round to bean-shaped, pale basophilic with vacuoles

Question 54

Functions of macrophages?

Answer 54

Sentinel cells- produce cytokines phagocytosis antigen presentation

Question 54

Where do dendritic cells live?

Answer 54

connective tissue

Question 54

Dendritic cells type of process?

Answer 54

Dendrite-like

Question 55

The most effective function of dendritic cells?

Answer 55

Antigen presentation

Question 56

Where do mast cells reside?

Answer 56

Connective tissue near blood vessels and nerves

Question 57

Mast cell granule appearance?

Answer 57

Fine, basophilic granules

Question 58

4 functions of mast cells?

Answer 58

Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, Recruit other leukocytes, allergic responses

Question 59

Why do NKC not need prior sensitization and doesn't express T or B cell receptors?

Answer 59

Have lymphoid lineage

Question 60

Size of NKC? Granule appearance?

Answer 60

Larger than other lymphocytes; fine, azurophilic (burgundy)

Question 61

Functions (2) of NKC?

Answer 61

1st line of defense against viruses Secrete cytotoxic granules that drive apoptosis

Question 62

Neutrophil acute or chronic problem?

Answer 62

Acute

Question 63

Macrophage acute or chronic problem?

Answer 63

Chronic

Question 64

Lymphocyte acute or chronic problem?

Answer 64

Chronic

Question 65

Plasma cell acute or chronic problem?

Answer 65

Chronic

Question 66

Neutrophils cause?

Answer 66

Extracellular bacteria

Question 67

Macrophages cause?

Answer 67

intracellular bacteria/parasites, fungi, foreign bidy

Question 68

Eosinophil cause?

Answer 68

extracellular parasites, allergy

Question 69

Mast cell cause?

Answer 69

allergy

Question 70

Basophil cause?

Answer 70

allergy

Question 71

Eosinophil cause?

Answer 71

allergy