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Adaptive immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of adaptive immunity

A

Takes a longer time period to be activated
Specific
Highly specialised

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2
Q

Functions of adaptive immune system

A

Recognises non-self antigens
Generates specific response
Immunological memory

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3
Q

What are the three main cells in the adaptive immune system?

A

B cells
T cells
NK cell

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4
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cell signalling molecules

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5
Q

Function of interleukins

A

Target leukocytes

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6
Q

Function of interferons

A

Antiviral response

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7
Q

Function of chemokines

A

Mediate chemotaxis

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8
Q

What are the 4 different ways in which cytokines can act?

A

Individually - autocrine
Individually - paracrine
Individually - endocrine
Together

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9
Q

What is an autocrine chemical?

A

Acts on cell releasing chemical

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10
Q

What is a paracrine chemical?

A

Targets nearby cell

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11
Q

What is an endocrine chemical?

A

Released into blood stream to target distant cells

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12
Q

Which cytokines activate t-cells?

A

IL-12
IL-2
IFN-gamma
TNF- alpha

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13
Q

Which cytokines stimulate antibody production?

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13

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14
Q

Which cytokines are anti-inflammatory?

A

IL-10

TGF-beta

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15
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

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16
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

Thymus

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17
Q

Where are T-cells activated?

A

Lymph node

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18
Q

What are CD4 cells?

A

Helper cells

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19
Q

What are CD8 cells?

A

Cytotoxic cells

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20
Q

Which three cells can activate helper T cells and why?

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells

They all have MCH II

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21
Q

How are T-helper cell activated?

A
  • CD4 t-cells activated by antigen presentation
  • Antigen presented to helper T cell by MHC II molecule on dendritic cell in lymph node
  • Second signal - co-stimulation
  • Third signal - cytokines released
  • All 3 signals = activated CD4 T-cell that specifically targets this pathogen
  • CD4 cell proliferates and clonally expands
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22
Q

What will MHC II bind to always?

A

CD4 helper cells

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23
Q

What is produced when a helper T cell is exposed to IL-12?

A

TH1

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24
Q

What is produced when a helper T cell is exposed to IL-4?

A

TH2

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25
What is produced when a helper T cell is exposed to IL-1 beta and IL-6?
TH17
26
What is produced when a helper T cell is exposed to IL-10 and TGF-beta?
T reg cells
27
What do TH1 cells do?
Fight intracellular pathogens by releasing IFN-gamma and IL-2 Cell-mediated response
28
What are the two outcomes when TH1 cells are exposed to IFN-gamma?
B - cell and the plasma cell | Macrophage - activated macrophage
29
What are the two outcomes when TH1 cells are exposed to IFN-gamma and IL-2?
NK cell - activated NK cell | CD8 cell - cytotoxic T cell
30
What do TH2 cells do?
Defend against extracellular bacteria and parasites | Humoral response
31
What is produced when Th2 cells are exposed to Il-4?
Plasma cells
32
What is produced when TH2 cells are exposed to IL-4 and Il-13?
Alternatively activated macrophage
33
What is produced when TH2 cells are exposed to Il-3 and IL-5?
Eosinophils
34
What is produced when TH2 cells are exposed to IL-3 and IL-9?
Basophils
35
What do TH17 cells do?
Defend against some bacteria and fungi | Pro-inflammatory response
36
What is produced when TH17 cells are exposed to Il-17?
Cytokines and chemokines lead to increased neutrophil production
37
What do T-reg cells do?
'Turn off' immune system to return to normal state | Releases anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and tif-beta
38
What do CD8 cells do?
Release perforin and granzymes to puncture holes in infected cell Kill by Fas
39
How do CD8 cells kill?
- When activated, travels through blood to infection via chemotaxis - Infected cell has MHC I on surface to present to cytotoxic t-cell which kills cell - Can kill by Fas on viral cell binding to Fas ligand portion of CD8 cell - connection triggers cascade to cause apoptosis (death receptor signaling)
40
How are CD8 cells activated?
Activated by dendritic cell entering lymph node and presenting antigen to MHC II to activate T-helper cells. This presents antigen via MHC I. CD8 requires MHC I signals, co-stimulatory molecule and IL-2 and IFN-gamma to be released from T-helper cells
41
How do NK cells recognise pathogens?
PRR on surface
42
What do NK cells do?
Activate macrophages | Kill pathogens similarly to CD8 cells
43
Where do B-cells develop and mature?
Bone marrow
44
What molecule are B-cell receptors made from?
Immunoglobins
45
Process of B-cell editing
Challenged with self-peptides If they recognise peptides, receptor editing occurs If this is successful the B cell matures in periphery If unsuccessful the B cell is anergia
46
What does anergy mean?
Frozen - inactive
47
What is receptor editing?
Re-arranging B-cell receptor to stop it recognising self-tissue
48
What is isotope switching?
Cytokines from T-cells (TH2) tell B-cells which antibodies to produce
49
What will all antibodies initially be?
IgM
50
How is IgG produced?
TH2 exposed to Il-2/4/6 or IFN-gamma
51
How is IgE produced?
Th2 exposed to Il-4
52
How are B cells activated?
- Requires CD4 to be activated initially - Antigen binds to B-cell receptor - B cell processes antigen, presents on MHC II molecule which is recognized by T-helper cell - T-helper cell recognizes that B-cell knows what infection is being fought and creates antibodies - 3 signals and release of cytokines - Activates B-cell - Clonally expands (IL-2 and IL-5) - Differentiates into plasma cell (antibody production) or memory B-cell
53
What are the 4 chains in an antibody?
2 heavy and 2 light
54
Where is the antibody binding region on an antibody and what is it called?
At the top of the Y and variable region
55
What is the constant region of an antibody?
The stalk
56
What does the constant region of an antibody do?
Binds to cell membranes and starts complement cascade Starts phagocytosis Initiates cytotoxicity
57
What are the 5 classes of antibodies?
IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE
58
Characteristics of IgM
First antibody produced Bind up to 10 antigen Lower affinity to antigen Good at opposing/neutralising pathogens
59
Characteristics of IgG
Most abundant High affinity to antigen Neutralise pathogens/activate inflammation
60
Characteristics of IgA
Secretory antibody found in secretory surfaces | Neutralise pathogens
61
Characteristics of IgE
Largest antibody causes mast cells to granulate Fights parasitic infection and allergies
62
What is opsonisation?
Antibodies bind to pathogen to highlight it to phagocyte
63
How is the complement cascade activated?
Inflammation and activation of mast cells
64
Process of cytotoxicity
Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells bind to antibody | Release enzymes and perforating granzymes to cause apoptosis
65
Where is IgM found?
Blood
66
Where is IgG found?
Blood, from mother to fetes, extravascular tissues
67
Where is IgA found?
Milk Lungs and airways Intestines Urogenital tract
68
Where is IgE found?
Connective tissue mast cells
69
What is the passive immune response?
Antibodies are given to us to fight pathogens
70
What is the active immune response?
Body is creating antibodies
71
What is natural passive response?
Placental transfer of antibodies | IgA in breast milk
72
What is artificial passive response?
Injection of immunoglobulin
73
What is natural active response?
Infection and resistance to re-infection
74
Where do memory cells wait until re-infection?
Lymph nodes
75
What are long-lived plasma cells?
Remaining after infection has been fought, continually secreting antibodies for quick response in future
76
What is sub-clinical re-infection?
Repeatedly getting infections and mounting immune response in clearing infection. We don't get any symptoms because immune system is always getting topped up. Forms constant reservoir of antibodies
77
Why is it beneficial to test for t-cell tolerance?
Stops them attacking self tissue
78
What happens if a t-cell binds to self tissue?
Apoptosed
79
What happens to functioning t-cells?
Released in periphery to lymph node
80
Where does t-cell tolerance occur?
Thymus
81
When will T-cells undergo positive selection?
When they can't bond to MHC
82
When are cytotoxic T cells produced?
Weak affinity to peptide and MHC I-CD8 cells
83
When are helper T cells produced?
Weak affinity to MHC II-CD4 cells
84
What is the aim of T-cell tolerance?
Turn them single positive
85
What is negative selection of T cells?
T-cells challenged by medullary epithelial cells. Medullary epithelial cells can produce proteins form any area of body. They produce lots of self peptides and display those to T-cells
86
Where does negative T-cell selection take place?
Medella
87
Process of T-cell tolerance
T-cells interact with DCs. They recognise peptide-MHC complexes with medium or high affinity undergo apoptosis (negative selection) - Weak affinity to peptide and MHC I-CD8 cells - cytotoxic T cells - Weak affinity to peptide and MHC II-CD4 cells = helper T cells Initially double negative but converted to double positive (both CD4 and CD8 on surface)

Immune and lymphatic system (27 decks)

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