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Immune and lymphatic system > Overview of the anatomy of the lower limb > Flashcards

Overview of the anatomy of the lower limb Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

What are the four major parts of the lower limb?

A

Foot, leg, thigh, pelvic girdle

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2
Q

Where is the leg?

A

Knee to ankle

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3
Q

What are the two rings of the inguinal canal?

A

Deep and superficial

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4
Q

Where is the deep ring of the inguinal canal located?

A

More lateral

Medial to digastric vessel

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5
Q

Where is the superficial ring of the inguinal canal located?

A

Triangular opening at medial end of ext oblique aponeurosis sup lat to pubic tubercle

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6
Q

What does the inguinal canal do?

A

Transmits structures from the pelvis to the perineum

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7
Q

How is the inguinal canal formed?

A

Fetal migration of gonads from abdomen to labioscrotal folds

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8
Q

What dos the inguinal canal contain for males?

A

Spermatic cord

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9
Q

What does the inguinal canal contain for females?

A

Round ligament

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10
Q

What contents of the inguinal canal are common for both males and females?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve and genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

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11
Q

Where is an indirect hernia located?

A

Deep ring, lateral to vessels

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12
Q

Where is a direct hernia located?

A

Medial side of vessels

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13
Q

How can you detect a hernia?

A

Feel for tapping

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14
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A
  • M: internal oblique Muscle, transversus abdominus Muscle
  • A: external oblique Aponeurosis, internal oblique Aponeurosis
  • L: inguinal Ligament, lacunar Ligament
  • T: Transversalis fascia, conjoint Tendon
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15
Q

Where is MALT located?

A

Travels anticlockwise from roof of inguinal canal

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16
Q

What are the three borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament superiorly
Adductor longus medially
Sartorius laterally

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17
Q

Where is the inguinal ligament?

A

Between hip and pubic symphysis

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18
Q

Where is the sartorius located?

A

Anterior superior fossa to tibia

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19
Q

What does the sartorius do?

A

Helps hip flexion

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20
Q

What does NAVY stand for?

A

Femoral Nerve, femoral Artery, femoral Vein, Y-fronts

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21
Q

What shape is the popliteal fossa?

A

Diamond

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22
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Laterally: biceps femoris
Medially: semitendinosus and semimembranosus

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23
Q

What does the tibia nerve split into in the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery

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24
Q

What is Baker’s cyst?

A

Synovial out-pouching between MHG and semi-membranous

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25
What is popliteal artery entrapment syndrome?
Pinched by MHG
26
What blood vessels and nerves are in the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial nerve and peroneal nerve
27
What do flexors do?
Decreases angle between bones at a joint
28
What do extensors do?
Increases angle between bones
29
What do adductors do?
Bringing thighs together
30
Muscles in the anterior compartment
Sartorius, quadriceps, articularis genus
31
What are the four heads of the quadricep?
Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius vastus medialis
32
Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment?
Femoral nerve
33
Which muscles are in the medial compartment?
Pectineus, external obturator, gracilis, adductors (longus, brevis, minimus)
34
Which nerve innervates the medial compartment?
Obturator
35
Which muscles are in the posterior compartment?
Adductor Magnus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimebranosus
36
Which muscle innervates the posterior compartment?
Sciatic nerve
37
What does the anterior compartment do?
Extend knee and flex hip
38
What does the iliopsoas do?
Flexes thigh at hip
39
What does the rectus do?
Flex thigh at hip, extends at knee
40
What does the vastus do?
Extend knee joint, stabilise patella
41
What does the sartorius do?
Flexor/abductor/lateral rotator at hip, flexor at knee
42
What does the pectinous do?
Adducts and flexes hip
43
What does the medial compartment do?
Adduction
44
What does the adductor Magnus?
Adducts/flexes/extends thigh
45
What does the adductor longus do?
Adducts thigh
46
What does the adductor brevis do?
Adduction of thigh
47
What does the obturator externus do?
Adduction and lateral rotation of thigh
48
What does the gracilis do?
Adduction of thigh at hip, flexion of leg at knee
49
What does the posterior compartment do?
Flexes knee and extends hip
50
What does the biceps femoris do?
Flexion at knee, extends thigh, laterally rotates at hip and knee
51
What do the semis do?
Flex leg at knee, extends thigh at hip, medially rotates thigh at hip and leg at knee
52
Which semi is behind the other?
Semimembranosus underneath semitendinosus
53
Symptoms of compartment syndrome
``` Pain disproportionate to injury Pain refractory to analgesia Pain on passive stretch Pins and needles Pulse normal ```
54
Which muscles move the hip?
Originate from pelvic girdle Gluteus maximus/medius/minimus Tensor fascia lata
55
What does the gluteus Maximus do?
Extensor and lateral rotation
56
What does the gluteus medius do?
Abductor and rotation
57
What does the gluteus minimus do?
Abductor and medial rotator
58
What does the fascia lata do?
Flexes and abducts hip and locks knee in extension
59
Where is the tensor fascia lata?
Encircles thigh, inserts to illiotibial tract
60
What are the abductors?
``` Piriformis Glut med and min Obturator internus/externus Superior/inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris ```
61
What does the anterior compartment of the leg do?
Dorsiflex and invert foot
62
Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep fibular nerve
63
What does the tibialis anterior do?
Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot
64
What does the extensor digitorum longus?
Extension of lateral four toes, dorsiflexion of foot
65
What does the extensor hallucis longus do?
Extension of great toe and dorsiflexion of foot
66
Which muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus
67
What does the lateral compartment of the leg fo?
Eversion of the foot
68
Which nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve
69
Which muscles are part of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus | Fibularis longus
70
What does the fibularis longus do?
Eversion and planter flexion of the foot, supports lateral and transverse arches of foot
71
What does the fibularis brevis do?
Eversion of the foot
72
What muscles are in the posterior superficial compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius Plantaris Soleus Cancaneal (achilles) tendon
73
What does the posterior superficial compartment of the leg do?
Plantarflex and invert foot
74
Which nerve innervates the posterior superficial compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
75
What does the gastrocnemius do?
Plantarflexes the ankle, flexes knee
76
What does the planteris do?
Plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee
77
What does the soles do?
Plantarflexes ankle
78
What does the achilles tendon do?
Plantarflexion
79
What does the posterior deep compartment of the leg do?
Plantarflex and invert foot
80
Which nerve innervates the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
81
Which muscles are in the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
Popliteus Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus
82
What does the popliteus do?
Laterally rotates femur on tibia, flexes knee
83
What does the tibialis posterior do?
Inverts and plantar flexes the foot and maintains medial arch
84
What does the flexor digitorum longus do?
Flexes lateral 4 toes
85
What does the flexor hallucis longus do?
Flexes great toe
86
What does Tom, Dick and Nervous Harry stand for?
``` Tibialis posterior Flexor Digitorum longus Tibial artery Tibial nerve Flexor hallucis longus ```
87
Which muscles make up the hip?
``` Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Ischial spine ```
88
Characteristics of the femur
``` Greater trochanter Head Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Lateral/medial epicondyle Intercondylar fossa ```
89
How do you determine if the knee is left or right?
Place patella on the table with the point facing away | Falls to lateral side because it is heaviest
90
Symptoms of osteoarthritis
Osteophyte forms Joint space narrows Subchondral sclerosis Cysts
91
Mnemonic for learning foot bones
Tiger Cubs Need MILC
92
What are the bones of the foot?
``` Talus Calcaneus Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid ```
93
What is osteomyelitis?
Bacteria attacks bone
94
When does the femoral artery turn into the popliteal artery?
Hiatus canal

Immune and lymphatic system (27 decks)

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