Common fractures of upper and lower limb

Question 1

Transverse fracture

Answer 1

Straight across bone

Question 2

Oblique fracture

Answer 2

Oblique line across bone

Question 3

Spiral fracture

Answer 3

Looks like corkscrew

Question 4

Comminuted fracture

Answer 4

More than 2 parts to fracture

Question 5

Incomplete fracture

Answer 5

Whole complex isn’t broken

Question 6

Bowing fracture

Answer 6

Long bone is bent

Question 7

Buckle fracture

Answer 7

Fracture is of concave surface

Question 8

Greenstick fracture

Answer 8

Fracture on convex side, doesn’t go completely through bone

Question 9

Salter-Harris fracture

Answer 9

Fracture involving growth plate

Question 10

Diaphysis

Answer 10

Shaft of bone

Question 11

Metaphysis

Answer 11

Widening portion adjacent to growth plate

Question 12

Epiphysis

Answer 12

End of bone adjacent to joint

Question 13

Type I Salter-Harris fracture

Answer 13

Through growth plate

Question 14

Type II Salter-harris fracture

Answer 14

Through growth plate and metaphysis

Question 15

Type III Salter-Harris fracture

Answer 15

Through growth plate and epiphysis

Question 16

Type IV Salter-Harris fracture

Answer 16

Through all 3 elements

Question 17

Type V Salter-Harris fracture

Answer 17

Crush injury of growth plate

Question 18

What does SALTER stand for?

Answer 18

Straight across (type I)
Above (type II)
Lower (type III)
Through Everything (type IV)
cRush (type V)

Question 19

What is a displaced fracture?

Answer 19

Bones move apart, no longer touch

Question 20

Treatment for clavicle fracture

Answer 20

Analgesia and collar-and-cuff, occasionally surgery

Question 21

Risk factor for clavicle fracture

Answer 21

Osteoporosis, common young adults and older women

Question 22

Complication of clavicle fracture

Answer 22

Brachial plexus injury (pneumothorax)

Question 23

Causes of scapula fracture

Answer 23

FOOSH

Direct trauma to shoulder

Question 24

Another name for humeral head fracture

Answer 24

Hill-Sachs

Question 25

What is a humeral head fracture?

Answer 25

Posterolateral humeral head deprrssion

Question 26

Which nerve is commonly affected by humeral head fracture?

Answer 26

Axillary

Question 27

Sensory area of axillary nerve

Answer 27

Soldier's patch

Question 28

Motor area of axillary nerve

Answer 28

Deltoid

Question 29

How does humeral head dislocation commonly occur?

Answer 29

Trauma and impact injuries

Question 30

Which type of humeral head dislocation is most common?

Answer 30

Anterior dislocation

Question 31

Which nerve is damaged with humeral shaft fracture?

Answer 31

Radial

Question 32

Common causes of humeral shaft fracture

Answer 32

Direct blow to upper arm or indirect trauma caused by falling/twisting action

Question 33

Common cause of epicondyle fracture

Answer 33

FOOSH

Question 34

Which nerve is commonly damaged with olecranon fracture?

Answer 34

Ulnar

Question 35

Common causes of olecranon fracture

Answer 35

Direct blow | FOOSH with flexed elbow

Question 36

Type I supracondylar fracture

Answer 36

Non displaced

Question 37

Type II supracondylar fracture

Answer 37

Angulated with intact posterior cortex

Question 38

Type III supracondylar fracture

Answer 38

Completely displaced

Question 39

Type IV supracondylar fracture

Answer 39

Complete periosteal disruption

Question 40

Galeazzi fracture-dislocation

Answer 40

Fracture of distal radius with dislocation of distal radio-ulnar joint, ulnar is otherwise intact

Question 41

Monteggia fracture-dislocation

Answer 41

Fracture of ulnar shaft with concomitant dislocation of radial head

Question 42

How can you see joint effusion on x-ray?

Answer 42

Posterior fat pad visible where it normally isn't

Question 43

Common joint effusion in children

Answer 43

Supracondylar

Question 44

Common joint effusion in adults

Answer 44

Radial head

Question 45

What is joint effusion?

Answer 45

Collection of fluid

Question 46

What is Colles fracture?

Answer 46

Extra-articular fractures of distal radius Occur due to FOOSH Fracture of distal radial metaphysical region with dorsal angulation and impaction

Question 47

What is Smith fracture?

Answer 47

Opposite Colles - palmar

Question 48

What is a Boxer's fracture?

Answer 48

Minimally convoluted | Transverse fracture of 5th metacarpal neck

Question 49

What is Gamekeeper's thumb?

Answer 49

Avulsion/rupture of UCL of first metacarpophalangeal joint

Question 50

What is Mallet finger?

Answer 50

Triangular avulsion fragment at extensor aspect of distal phalanx DIP joint

Question 51

What commonly causes scaphoid fracture?

Answer 51

FOOSH

Question 52

Symptoms of scaphoid fracture

Answer 52

Pain in anatomical snuffbox

Question 53

Side effects of scaphoid fracture

Answer 53

AVN

Question 54

What is a pelvic fracture?

Answer 54

Ring breaks in two places, commonly includes pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joints

Question 55

Dangers of pelvic fracture

Answer 55

Significant blood loss is common

Question 56

Risk factors for neck of femur fracture

Answer 56

Age, RTA, osteoporosis

Question 57

Signs of neck of femur fracture

Answer 57

Leg shortened and externally rotated

Question 58

Causes of femoral shaft fracture

Answer 58

High speed RTA or pathological causes

Question 59

Complications of femoral shaft fracture

Answer 59

``` Blood loss (profound blood vessels) Fat embolism ```

Question 60

Signs of femoral shaft fracture

Answer 60

Often displaced and shortened due to psoas flexing, glut med abducting proximal fragment and adductors pulling distal fragment

Question 61

Signs of fibular neck fracture

Answer 61

Foot drop - damage to common peroneal nerve

Question 62

What are the three types of Danis-Weber classification?

Answer 62

A,B and C

Question 63

What does the Danis-Weber classification categorise?

Answer 63

Ankle fractures

Question 64

What is a type A Danis-Weber fracture?

Answer 64

- Below ankle joint - Tibiofibular syndesmosis intact - Deltoid ligament intact - Medial malleolus often fracturd - Usually stable

Question 65

What is a type B Danis-Weber fracture?

Answer 65

- Level with ankle joint - Syndesmosis intact/partially torn - No widening of distal tibiofibular articulation - Medial malleolus may be fractured - Deltoid ligament may be torn - Variable stability

Question 66

What is a type C Danis-Weber fracture?

Answer 66

- Above ankle joint - Syndesmosis disrupted - Widening of distal tibiofibular articulation - Medial malleolus fracture - Deltoid ligament injury - Unstable - requires ORIF (open reduction internal fixation)