Introduction to microbiology

Question 1

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the skin of a healthy person?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the blood of a healthy person?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the mouth of a healthy person?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the stomach of a healthy person?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the colon of a healthy person?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the cerebrospinal fluid of a healthy person?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

Would you expect to find microorganisms in the joint fluid of a healthy person?

Answer 7

No

Question 8

Which areas are densely populated with normal flora?

Answer 8

Large intestine
Mouth
Female reproductive tract
Upper respiratory tract

Question 9

Which areas are moderately populated with normal flora?

Answer 9

Skin
Stomach
Urethra

Question 10

Which areas have a low amount of normal flora?

Answer 10

Lower respiratory tract

Bladder

Question 11

Which areas have no normal flora?

Answer 11

Blood
Tissue
Joint fluid
CSF

Question 12

Where is staphylococcus spp found?

Answer 12

Skin

Question 13

Where is streptococcus spp found?

Answer 13

Mouth, nose and throat

Question 14

Name two bacteria found in the GI tract

Answer 14

Bacteroides spp

Escherichia coli

Question 15

What type of bacterium is escherichia coli?

Answer 15

Coliform

Question 16

What are facultative microbes?

Answer 16

Can use electron donors

Question 17

Why is normal flora important?

Answer 17

Protect from pathogen colonisation (no space for pathogens)

Develop immune system

Question 18

What diseases can streptococcus pneumonia cause?

Answer 18

Pneumonia and meningitis

Question 19

What are the main groups of microorganisms and what are their sizes?

Answer 19

Bacteria (1 micrometer)
Parasites (protozoa are less than 5 micrometers and metazoan are cm)
Fungi (less than 5 micrometers)
Viruses (less than 0.2 micrometers)

Question 20

What ribosomes are found on a bacteria cell?

Answer 20

70s - has 30s and 50s subunits

Question 21

How long is a bacterium?

Answer 21

1 micrometer

Question 22

What are the pili used for?

Answer 22

Attachment

Question 23

What are flagella used for?

Answer 23

Movement

Question 24

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

Answer 24

Spheres, rods and spirals

Question 25

What is the cell wall made from?

Answer 25

Peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides

Question 26

What does the gram stain do?

Answer 26

Divides bacteria into two groups depending on cell wall and size

Question 27

How do you do a gram stain?

Answer 27

Add a stain and bone to peptidoglycan fix it Add alcohol - if there is a little stain it can be stripped away Add counter stain Should be categorised into gram positive and gram negative

Question 28

What is the dormant state of a bacteria spore?

Answer 28

Resistant to heat/drying/alcohol/UV | Returns to vegetative state when conditions favourable

Question 29

What are the two types of eukaryotic cell?

Answer 29

Yeast and mould

Question 30

What is a cutaneous bacterium?

Answer 30

Direct contact, common athletes foot

Question 31

What is a subcutaneous bacterium?

Answer 31

Puncture wounds/trauma

Question 32

What is a systemic bacterium?

Answer 32

Inhaled and then spread

Question 33

What is an opportunistic bacterium?

Answer 33

Immuno-compromised, rare but serious

Question 34

Characteristics of protozoa and metazoa

Answer 34

``` DNA in nucleus Organelles Cell wall and membrane Can have outer walls Metabolic processes close to human ones ```

Question 35

How do amoebae move?

Answer 35

Phagocytosis

Question 36

How do flagellates move?

Answer 36

Flagella

Question 37

How do sporozoa move?

Answer 37

Picked up by host

Question 38

How are protozoa classified?

Answer 38

How they move

Question 39

How are metazoan classified?

Answer 39

Shape

Question 40

What shapes can metazoa have?

Answer 40

Round worms, tape worms, flukes

Question 41

Examples of viruses

Answer 41

Herpes Chicken pox Shingles

Question 42

Characteristics of viruses

Answer 42

Can only replicate after invading host cell Nucleic acid (can be RNA/DNA and single/double stranded) Nucleocapsid Viral proteins inserted into host cell 0.2 micrometres

Question 43

How do viruses replicate?

Answer 43

``` Attaches to host Endocytosed into cell Unwraps itself Replicates nucleic acid and proteins Can leave cell by budding out ```

Question 44

What shapes can it have?

Answer 44

Helical Icosahedral Complex