Addiction

Question 1

what is Addictive behaviour ?

Answer 1

can be defined as a repetitive pattern that increases the risk of disease and associated personal and social problems.

Question 2

Sources of reinforcement

Answer 2

Pleasure positive reinforcement

Self-medication negative reinforcement

Habit conditioned positive reinforcement

Habit conditioned negative reinforcement

Question 3

Tolerance

Answer 3

decrease in effect of a drug with repeated administration

Question 4

Sensitisation

Answer 4

increase in effect of a drug with repeated (intermittent) administration

Question 5

Dependence

Answer 5

adaptation of cells/circuits/organs in response to excessive stimulation with a drug

Question 6

Withdrawl

Answer 6

appearance of symptoms associated with termination of chronic drug use

Question 7

Theories of addiction ?

Answer 7

Aberrant-learning theories of addiction
Frontostriatal-dysfunction theories of addiction
Hedonic-allostasis theory of addiction
Incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Psychomotor-stimulant theory of addiction

Question 8

What D2A recptors are changed in the brains of addicted patients ?

Answer 8

D2

Question 9

By how much do genetic factors contribute to addiction ?

Answer 9

40-60%

Question 10

The cycle of addiction is positively and negatively reinforced by what?

Answer 10

positively reinforced by drug euphoria and negatively reinforced by withdrawal, craving and hedonic dysregulation.

Question 11

Drug-related cues and stress increase craving, and loss of control may stem in part from dysfuction what brain area ?

Answer 11

prefrontal cortical dysfunction.

Question 12

Activation of what system causes euphoria ?

Answer 12

DA

Question 13

examples of cues that drive cravings ?

Answer 13

location / stress

Question 14

examples of opiates which receptors do they act on ?

Answer 14

opiate receptors

morphine
heroin,
codeine,
hydrocodone

Question 15

examples of depressants - what receptor do they act on ?

Answer 15

GABA receptors

Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines: 
diazepam (Valium), 
flunitrazepam (Rohypnol); 
y-Hydoxybutyrate (GHB

Question 16

stimulant examples ?

what receptors ?

Answer 16

DA receptors

cocaine, 
amphetamine, 
Methylphenidate (Ritalin), 
nicotine, 
caffeine

Question 17

examples of Hallucinogens:

receptors which they act on ?

Answer 17

5HT receptors

LSD,
Psylocin

Question 18

examples of Dissociative Anesthetics

receptor they act on ?

Answer 18

glutamate receptors

Phencyclidine (PCP)
Ketamine

Question 19

examples of cannabinoids

receptors they work on ?

Answer 19

CB1 receptors

tetra-hydrocannibanol (marijuana)

Question 20

examples Designer Drugs

Answer 20

5HT receptors

MDMA

Question 21

almost all drugs of abuse modify the

Answer 21

NAC and VTA = part of reward pathway

Question 22

where does cocaine increase DA levels ?

Answer 22

NAC

Question 23

opiates and cannabinoids increase DA by ?

Answer 23

inhibiting DA inhibition (inhibiting GABA)

Question 24

reasons cannabis users are more likely to use hard drugs ?

Answer 24

cannabis users have more opportunities to use other illicit drugs -the same black market

those who are early cannabis users are more likely to use other illicit drugs for reasons that are unrelated to their cannabis use

pharmacological effects of cannabis increase the propensity to use other illicit drugs.

Question 25

longterm cannabis use may lead to

Answer 25

problems with memory and attention

Question 26

addiction involves synaptic plasticity where ?

Answer 26

NAC and dorsal striatum LTD / LTP-like plasticity at excitatory synapses in mesolimbic pathways is involved in drug addiction

Question 27

what TF is increased action ?

Answer 27

CREB CAMP receptive binding protein

Question 28

what molecule is increased in addiction

Answer 28

delta fos B