Addtional Stuff Pt 2 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Wad structure separates the two lateral ventricles in the human brain
A
Septum Pellicidum
2
Q
Dentate Gyrus is supplied by
Where is it
A
The Post cerebral artery
Hippocampus
3
Q
Name 4 things that can happen with left hemisphere lesions
A
Alexia, Agraphia, acalculia, colour anomia without aphasia, Broca, wernicke and Gerstmann syndrome
4
Q
Right hemisphere lesions may produce wad name 5
A
Constructional apraxia, prospagnosia, somatopagnosia/auto-pagnostia, visual spatial agnosia, asonogsia, neglect, receptive amusia (loss appreciation to music)
5
Q
What enzyme is only seen in astrocytes
A
Glutamate dehydrogenase
6
Q
Prefrontal cortex occupied __% of the brain
A
30
7
Q
Percentage of left handed ppl who’s still has left dominant brain hemisphere
How about both hemisphere ?
A
64%
16% for both
8
Q
Disorder of verbal and pictorial memory is at which hemisphere
A
The non dominant one
9
Q
Beta cell can be found at where
A
10% of total cell population in Lavern 5 of the human primary motor cortex
10
Q
Most common neural cells in cerebral cortex is
Second most common?
A
Pyramidal cells (75%)
Stella the cells 25% present in all layers except layer 1
11
Q
Where is nucleus accumbens
A
At the ventral striatum , proximal to heal of caudate nucleus and anterior portion of the putamen
12
Q
Lentiform consist of wad and is affect in wad disorder
A
Putamen and globus pallidum
OCD
13
Q
Where is ventral tegmental area
A
Midbrain
14
Q
Transient ischemia of carotid system can produce
A
Aphasia
15
Q
Wad acts as a satiety center
Wad acts a s a feeding centre
A
Satiety centre : ventral medial hypothalamus
feeding centre: Lateral hypothalamus
16
Q
brain region, which could show prominent changes in early AD, is;
A
Enthorhinal cortex
17
Q
Electrical synapse are abundant is which two area
A
Retina and cerebral cortex of animals
18
Q
Hippocampus is supplied by
A
Posterior cerebral artery
19
Q
Anomia can occur in which lesion
A
Posterior lesion of parietal cortex especially angular gyrus
20
Q
Name 5 stuff in Limbic papez circuit
A
Hippocampus, Amygdala, septal nuclei, fornix, parahippocampal gyrus and mammillothalamic tract with its bodies, cingulate gyrus, ant. Thalami nucleus, enthorhinal cortex
21
Q
Purkinje cell can do wad
Where is it
Wad type of neurotransmitter
A
Cerebellar cortex, only output for all motor coordination in the cerebellar cortex
Gabanergic
22
Q
Lateral geniculate body is involved in wad sensory pathway
A
Visual
23
Q
Internal capsule is supply by
A
Circle of Willis
le cerebral artery while the inferior half is supplied by the recurrent artery of Heubner arising from the anterior cerebral artery. The genu receives supply from lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery, while posterior limb is supplied by the lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half) and anterior choroidal artery off of the internal carotid artery (inferior half).
24
Q
Name three pure sensory cranial nerve
A
Olfactory, optic and vestibulocochlear nerves
25
Neuronal cells can be classified in to wad types
Golgi type 1 : Long axons
Golgi type 2: short axons
Amacrine: no axons
26
Mirror neurons is where
Inferior frontal cortex
27
What are the three layers of cerebellar and wad does it consists
The molecular layer consisting of basket cell and stellate cell, Purkinje layer consisting of Purkinje cell and a granular layer consisting of granule and Golgi cell.
28
Neurosphyilis can show wadin eeg
non-specific increase in slow waves occurring diffusely over the scalp.
29
Wad kind of eeg can be seen in Sub acute sclerosing pan encephalitis
high amplitude repetitive bilaterally synchronous symmetrical polyphasic sharp wave and slow wave complexes, which occur every 4-15 seconds
30
The classic EEG finding in CJD is
generalized 1-2 Hz bi- or triphasic sharp- and slow-wave complexes.
31
R.E.M. Start in which receptor stimulation
Cholinergic receptors
32
Normal dominant alpha rhythm is usually seen at which age
12-14
33
Neuropeptides
Name 3!
They act wad and wad
Neurotransmitter and hormones
Endorphins, vasopressin, enkephalins
34
Two stuff tat is secreted by posterior pituitary hormone
Oxytocin and vasopressin
35
Things to note after ECT
Reduced alpha 2 and beta noradrenergic receptor
Increased noradrenaline turnover
Reduced brain 5-HT2 receptors
36
How does Stimulant affect sleep
Decreasing both R.E.M. Sleep and slow wave sleep
37
Noradrenaline
Locus coerulus
38
Acetylcholine is where
the nucleus basalis of Meynert
39
What is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of dopamine
Tyrosine Hydroxylase
40
Wad is the peripheral metabolite of noradrenaline
Vanillyl mendalic acid (VMA)
41
The breakdown enzyme involved in GABA metabolism is
GABA transaminase.
42
What is an indolamine
Serotonin
43
Where does phospholipids get produced in a cell
Smooth ER
44
Neurochemical changes in the brain involved
Decreased acetylcholinesterase
Decrease choline acetyltransferase
Decreased GABA levels and adrenaline
45
Where u see d1 and d2
D3
D4
D5 predominantly
D1-2 at caudate and putamen
D3 nucleus accumbens
D4 prefrontal cortex
D5 hippocampus
46
How does ketamine works
Non competitive antagonist at NMDA receptors
47
Wad receptors increase adenylate cyclase to stimulate cell machiner
Beta receptors
48
What are carrot-shaped eosinophilic inclusions seen in hematoxylin and eosinophilic stain
Wad it is usually seen in
Rosenthal fibres
Alexander leukodystrophy
49
Which receptor is a rosette shape
GABA-A and NMDA
50
What enzymes mediate several catalytic reactions involving aminoacids that synthesize neurotransmtters such as dopamine, serotonin and tryptamin
Oxidase
51
DNA to RNA is called
RNA to protein is called
DNA to RNA => transcription
RNA to protein is call translation
52
Rett's syndrome has wad characteristic
Deceleration of head circumference, learning disability and stereotyped hand movements
53
dementia seen in adults with Down's syndrome is due to
Extra genetic material in chromosome 21
54
How does Genome-Wife association studies are based on
linkage disequilibrium (LD), using several hundred thousand marker single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs
55
Autistic children
Relative risk with 1 affected sibling
Relative risk with 2 affected sibling
50 times
| 300 times
56
Heritability of bipolar disorder is
75-85%
57
Which enzymes mediate the binding of tRNA with amino acids
Aminoacyl synthetase
58
Different blotting techniques
Southern blot:
Western blot:
- Southern blotting is a widely used method for the detection of a specific , large sequence in DNA. Can use to visualise restriction fragment length polymorphism.
-Western blotting is used method for the detection of specific protein after electrophoresis. The sample is electrophoresed on a polyacrylamide gel, then, blotted to a membrane. The membrane is incubated with the antibody to the specific protein.
- Northern blotting is a detection method for a specific RNA after electrophoresis.
59
What is a physical feature of turner
Name 3
How abt parade Willi -name 5
What problem will it have for children
Webbed beck, short stature, brad chest, retrognathism
PD : short obese, microorchidiam, almond shaped eyes, flat face, prominent forehead
Congenital dislocation of the hip
60
PCR techniques
| 5 step
1) denatured DNA to single strand
2) Annealing DNA by cooling
3) Primers bind to target DNA
4) DNA polymerase is used to extend primes in opposite directions
5) replicating
61
Which cells remain in G0 indefinitely
Liver and neuron cells
62
One centiMorgan is
1% recombination frequency between two loci
| Approximately 1 mil
63
Autism involved in wad gene and at where
Shank3 (at chromosome 22)
64
CADASIL is wad and was gene is involved
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriography with subcortical infarcts and leucfoencephalopathy
NOTCH 3
65
Heritability Is a measure of
Genetic contribution to phenotypic variation in population
66
When the same disease phenotype is caused by mutations in different loc
Locus heterogeneity
67
Turner syndrome usually the X is from whose side
Maternal
68
What the hell is a Barr body
Inactivation of X chromosome
All X chromosomes in a cell are inactivated except one, irrespective of original number of X chromosomes in a cell
69
Name 4 things that is implicated in schizophrenia
Neuroregulin, COMT, dybindin, D aminoacid oxidase
70
What is the risk of Alzheimer dementia in a patient heterozygous for Apo E4 compared to those with no apoE4 allele?
How abt homo?
3 times higher
15 times higher
71
What values of the log of odds [LOD score] is commonly used as a threshold level of significance in linkage studies?
How abt significance of NON linkage ?
more than 3
Less than -2
72
What is Hardy-Weinberg principle
The carrier frequency is twice the square root of the frequency of a disease.
73
Noon an syndrom is wad kind of transmission
| Three characteristics
Autosomal dominant
Short stature, congenital heart defects, delayed mental development
Short neck, Low set ears, hypertelorism (increased distance between two organ or bodily parts )
74
PKU transmission
Wad enzyme is affected
Autosomal recessive
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
75
Friedreich's ataxia
Wad repeated stuff, more than how many
Mode of transmission
Triplet codon of GAA, more than 22
| Autosomal recessive
76
Which phenomena explain most of the epigenetic variations
DNA methylation and histone modification
77
Who propose genotype and phenotype
Wilhelmina Johanssen
78
Most common type of mutation for thalassemia
Type of transmission
Missense
Most common single gene in the world
Autosomal Recessive
79
Premutant carriers of fragile x expansions may show
Wad for males
For females
Males: tremors and ataxia
Females: premature ovarian failure and/or mild cognitive or behavioural abnormalities
80
Velocardiofacial syndrome can be name as wad also
And wad chromosome it has affected
Name 5 things that might be compatible with this diagnosis
Di George
Chromosome 22
Pharyngeal insufficiency, supra-valvular aortic stenosis, HYPOcalcemia, fish mouth, learning difficulties, HYPOparathyroidism, seizure
81
What are the late onset AD
Wads chromosome
APO E
Chromosome 19
82
Name at least 3-4 genetic loci that is associated with early onset AD
Chromosome 1 Presenilin 2
Chromosome 17 tau protein
Chromosome 21 Beta amyloid
Chromosome 14 Presenilin 1
83
Fragile X syndrome: name 4 characteristics
What gene
macroorchidism, large ears, prominent jaw, a high-pitched voice, and mental retardation
FMR1
84
COMT is coded in which gene
22q11
85
Gene that encode serotonin transporter is call
SL6CA4
86
What condition results from abnormal progranulin
FTD-Primary progressive aphasia
87
Name 4 characteristics of Edwards. Syndrome
Wad chromosome
Trisomy 18
Rocker bottom feet, ID, micrognathia, congenital heart disease clenched hand, prominent occipital
88
Life time risk of depression is
In relatives of bipolar pro and
Unipolar disorder for first degree
Monozygotic
For risk of ANY mood disorder for relatives
5-10%
10-20% (2-3 times)
15-25% (3-5 times)
20-30%
89
Risk of offspring for bipolar if both parents have it
How abt risk for ANY mood disorder
50-65%
50-75%
90
Most and second most common heart defects in down's
Endocardial cushion defects (43%)
| Ventricular septal defect (32%)
91
What percentage of the human genome is considered to be active with coding sequences
2
92
Which following aminoacids constitute the initiation sequence of protein translatio
Methionine
93
KISS1 gene are affected in
Mode of transmission
KALLMAN's syndrome (Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism along with anosmia, and occasionally learning difficulties)
Sporadic/x linked recessive/autosomal dominant/autosomal recessive
94
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Mode of transmission
Wad gene
3 hallmarks
X link recessive
XHRPT1 gene
Neurological dysfunction: hypotonia, developmental delay (3-6 months), started with irritability, pyramidal system involvement
Cognitive/Behavioural: self harm
uric acid overproduction
95
Austism usually affect wad part of the brain
Cerebellar
96
Knife blade gyro can usually b seen in wad
Pick's disease
97
The enzyme involved in the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein that prevents amyloid formation is
How amyloid is processed then
Alpha secretase
By beta secretase
98
Pathological factor that correlated most with cognitive decline in AD is
Burden of neurofibillary tangles
99
Difference between CJD and vCJD
v CJD has
1) earlier onset
2) have pulvinar thingys
3) . No typical EEG changes
4) Florid plague on autopsy
5) positive tonsillar biopsy
100
Wernickes has what pathology
Haemorrhage in third ventricles, aqueducts (mammillary bodies, mediodorsal thalamus, colliculi, midbrain tegmentum), cerebellar atrophy
101
MAcroscopic changes in CJD involve
Name 3
How abt Huntington
Generalised cerebral atrophy, cerebellar atrophy, ventricular enlargement
Huntington: small brain with reduced mass, marked atrophy of corpus stratum, marked atrophy of cerebral cortex , dilatation of lateral and third ventricles
102
The immunological staining used in detection of Pick's disease is
Anti-Tau antibody and anti ubiquitine antibody
103
Neurofibrillary tangles are moist commonly presents in which part of AD
Hippocampus
104
Punch drunk syndrome is also called wad and
Name 3 changes
Dementia pugilistica
Got neurofibrillary tangles, thinning of corpus callosum, perforation of septum pellucidum, ventricular enlargement
105
Caloric testing in stupor will show wad in organic and wad in psychiatric
Psychiatric will show ocular nystagmus
106
Alexia without Agraphia is seen in
Oculotemporal junction and selenium of corpus callosum
107
Hayling test test wad
Hayling sentence completion test
Response initiation and suppression
Frontal deficits
Set shifting deficits
108
Where was wad does inferior Olivary nucleus does
At the medulla but acts as a motor coordination to cerebellum
109
Three main features of vegetative state
1) cycles of eye opening and closing, given appearance of sleep wake cycle
2) lack of awareness of self or the environment
3) complete or partial preservation of hypothalamic and brain stem autonomic functions
110
Absence of ankle jerks can be seen in wad 3 disease
Subacute combined degeneration cord, syphilitic taboparesis, MND and friedrich's ataxia
111
Poor Musical stuff can b due to
Right temporal lesions
112
Name three test for tenmporal side
Seaside, Benton visual retention test, speech sound perception tests revised wechsler memory scale
113
Which dementia usually have good insight
Vascular dementia
114
Doubhorizontal homonymous diplopia is seen in
6th nerve ?(abduncens)
115
Supranuclear palsy can be due to what affected brain lesions
Brain stem (particularly portion of the. Midbrain), basal ganglia,
116
What is Hao stead-Reitan battery test
Ten tests including trail making test and critical flicker frequency test
To diagnose brain damage
117
Stanford Binet test is wad
| Consist of how many items
Use to examination for children, but can be use for adults too
120 items
118
Stroop test test for wad
Trail making test
Wad is bender visual motor gestalt test do
S troop: set shifting ability and response inhibition
Trail making test: visuospatial and perceptuomotor speed
Bender visual motor gestalt is for Screening measure for signs of organic dysfunction, a test of visuomotor coordination
119
Animal test!
Wad test is for depression
(2)
Wad test is for anxiety
(2)
What test sensorimotor gating
Forced swim test and yoked shock test
Anxiety: light dark box and elevated plus maze
Sensorimotor: latent inhibition test
120
How proteins can be modified
Phosphorylation
Glycoslation
121
What can we call when purine is still chance by purine
Is its purine by pyrimidine and vice versa
1) transition
| 2) transversion
122
What study identify a specific disease locus
Association study
123
Establish chromosomal location of a disease locus can be done by what study
Linkage study
124
WIlliams is wad chromosome
What kind of transmission
7
Triad of : facial features hypercalcemia, supra aortic stenosis
Might happen in autosomal dominant pattern
125
FTD is associated with which gene
Which chromosome
How abt Parkinson's
PD has wad gene
FTD: MAPT - microtubule-associated protein tau gene
17
Associated with Parkinsonism, dementia, disinhibition, Amoy Otto-Justin
And also progranulin affects FTD
PINK1, SNCA-a-synuclein, LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2)
126
Tuberous scelerosis transmission pattern
Most commonly spontaneous mutation but also got autosomal dominant pattern as well
127
Strongest candidate gene in schizophrenia
ZNF804A
128
What can be use to decrease gene
In-RNA
129
What you can see in AD for EEG
Reduced alpha waves
130
What you can see for delirium in EEG
Some alpha activity and increased Delta wave
131
Wad u can see for psychopathy for EEG
Immature posterior temporal slow wave
132
Wad u can see in alcohol for eeg
For opioids?
Increase aloha and theta activity
Opioids, decrease alpha but increase theta and delta activity
133
Marijuana for EEG
Cocaine for EEG
Marjiuana : increase alpha activity in frontal area of the brain
Cocaine: increase alpha activity
134
BArbituated in EEG
Increase beta but decreased alpha activity
135
Halo one does not reverse the agonist effect of which subtype of opioid receptors
Dynorphin is in which subtype
Sigma
Dynorphin in kappa
136
Wad is consider an internal measure of energy
Leptin
137
What breaks down Norepinerphrine
MAO - A for norepinephrine
138
MAO A breaks down
Norepinerine and serotonin
139
Dopamine was broken down by wad and into wad
MAO B
Homovanillic acid
140
GABA was broken down by wad into wad
Transaminase
Glutamate then Succinic acid
141
Serotonin is broken down by wad
It is made from wad by wad
Broken down by MAO-A into 5-H acetic acid
Made from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase
142
Five things helpful in serotonin
Feeding, mood, perception of pain , temperature , sleep wake cycle, motor activity
143
Glutamate can be seen in which part of the brain
| Name 3
Hippocampus, neocortical projections, cerebral cortex
144
WHich part of 5HT receptors affect
Antiemetic
Circadian
Anti migraine
Antiemetic: 5HT 3
Circadian 5HT 7
Anti migraine 5HT 1D
145
What you can see in Binswanger's disease
Macroscopically can see wad
A vascular subcortical dementia that can
| Have infraction of periventricular white matter that spare cortical region
146
Name 5 thing stat have things to do with taupathies
Alzheimer's D
Pick Disease
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Corticobasal degeneration, FTD with Parkinsonism
147
What does anterior spinothalamic tract carries what sensation
Light touch and pressure
148
What sensation in lateral Thalamic tract
Pain and temperature
149
Ant and post spins cerebellar tract have wad sensation
Proprioceptive, pressure and touch sensation
150
Wad kind of abnormal protein can be found in CSF by immunoassay for CJD
14-3-3
151
What are the pathophysiological changes identified in Huntington
Name two
Degeneration of striatum and selective loss of GABA neurons
152
Basilar artery supply the
Pon
153
Internal capsule is supply by the
Circle of Willis
154
What cause brain stem ischeamia, and cause a 20mg Hg drop between arms when arms are extended
Subclavian artery proximal to ipsilateral vertebral artery
Call subclavian steel syndrome
155
What is affected when patient presented with weakness of arm and legs with loss of speech but can respond by blinking
Pons
156
Inferior colliculi is connected to visual or auditory pathway
Auditory
Down - ears
Connect to medial geniculate body
157
Broca and wenicke are is connect by
Arcuate fasciculus
158
Motivational circuit is involves
Anterior cingulate cortex
159
Name the place where these stuff are
1) Entorhinal cortex
2) Striatum
3) Ventral tegmental area
4) Hypothalamus
5) amygdala
6) hippocampus
1) temporal lobe
2) basal ganglia
3) mid brain
4) diencephalon
5) medical temporal lobe
6) medial temporal lobe
160
Enlargement of structure can be seen as a consequence of Long term typical neuroleptic
Basal ganglia
161
Cholecystokinin is associated with wad two things
Pain and anxiety
162
Wad measure the resonance-induced signal from several biologically important Nuclei with an odd number of proton
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
163
Name three things that can be seen in depression neuroimagine
Periventricular and deep WM, subcortical thalami, straital hyperintensities
Decreased frontal and basal ganglia volumes, decreased metabolism in prefrontal cortex
164
Structural lesion, metabolic and endocrine disorder can see wad in EEG
Focal slow wave
165
Glutamate is made from wad by wad
Breakdown to wad by wad
Made from glutamine by glutamate transferase
Go back to glutamate/alpha-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase/ glutamate synthetase
