Adipose Tissue Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Adipose tissue is a dynamic ___ organ
A
Endocrine
2
Q
The primary storage site for fat is WAT or BAT?
A
White adipose tissue
3
Q
Heat producing tissue found in larger amounts in fetuses and newborns
A
Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
4
Q
Browning of WAT
A
Beige adipose tissue (BeAT)
5
Q
What type of adipose tissue is in larger amounts of newborns?
A
BAT
6
Q
Where is subcutaneous fat located?
A
Under skin
Predominantly in abdomen and thighs
7
Q
Where is visceral fat located?
A
Kidneys, heart, intestines
(Around organs)
8
Q
Is visceral or subcutaneous fat critical for the regulation of body temperature?
A
Subcutaneous
9
Q
What affects where adipose tissue is?
A
Age
Genetics
Sex (android vs. gynoid obesity)
Others
10
Q
Android or Gynoid Obesity?
Stomach fat
A
Android
11
Q
Android or Gynoid Obesity?
Hips and butt fat
A
Gynoid
12
Q
Infra-abdominal fat accumulation is associated with risks of what?
A
Cardiovascular disease
Hypertension
Diabetes
13
Q
What are the defining cells of adipose tissue? What is their primary job?
A
Adipocytes
Primary storage site of excess energy
14
Q
___ are large cells that typically contain a single lipid droplet
A
Adipoctyes
15
Q
What are the ways our body stores energy?
A
Glycogen (liver and muscles)
Muscle/organ (protein)
Fat
16
Q
What are the functions of fat/adipocytes?
A
Energy storage
Thermal insulation
Protection
Needed to absorb KADE vitamins
Structural component of cells
17
Q
T or F
Adipocytes express enzymes for the inactivation, inter-conversion, and activation of steroid hormones
A
True
18
Q
What does adipose tissue secrete?
A
Cytokines
Adipokines (cytokine-like hormone)
19
Q
Do adipokines or cytokines send messages far and last a while?
A
Adipokines
(Cytokines short messages)
20
Q
T or F
Adipokines are mostly fat structures
A
False, mostly protein
21
Q
T or F
Adipokines are typically either pro or anti-inflammatory
A
True
22
Q
When and why are Adipokines produced?
A
Produced in response to changes in adipocyte TAG storage or inflammation
23
Q
Where are Adipokines produced?
A
In adipose tissue
24
Q
What is the function of visceral WAT?
A
Energy storage
Adipokine secretion
Correlation with high incidence of metabolic disorders
25
What is the function of subcutaneous WAT
Insulating layer
Energy storage
Adipokine secretion
Correlation with low incidence of metabolic disorders
26
What are 6 out of the many adipokines?
1. Visfatin
2. Adiponectin
3. Leptin
4. Omentin-1
5. Resistin
6. Vaspin
VALOR V
27
T or F
All adipokines are protein based, hormones, and released from fat cells
True
28
____ is secreted into the circulation in direct proportion to adipose tissue mass
Leptin
29
T or F
Leptin levels rapidly increase with caloric restriction and weight loss
False, rapidly decline to try to make us eat more since body thinks it’s in starvation mode
30
What are the central functions of Leptin?
Appetite regulation
Energy expenditure
31
What are the immune functions of leptin?
Macrophage activation
Chemotaxis
Dendritic cell activation
Th1 stimulation
Th2 inhibition
32
What organs does Leptin target?
Kidney
Pancreas
Muscle
Vascular system
Reproductive organs
Bone
33
T or F
Women with low Leptin often have reproductive problems
True
34
Does central adiposity decrease or increase levels of adiponectin?
Decrease levels
35
T or F
Adiponectin levels decrease after weight loss
False, they increase
36
The functions of Adiponectin are anti-inflammatory, increased _____, increased ____, decreased TNF-a, and decreased ____ ability to convert to foam cells
Increased insulin sensitivity
Increased beta-oxidation
Decreased macrophages ability
37
Which Adipokine deals with beta-oxidation?
Adiponectin
38
Which Adipokine is produced by both adipocytes and macrophages?
Resistin
39
Is Resistin pro or anti inflammatory?
Pro
40
Elevated Resistin levels are associated with _____, glucose intolerance/____, and ____
Central adiposity
Insulin resistance
Chronic inflammation
41
T or F
Insulin resistance can be a good thing because it can make fat cells starve
True (pg.218)
42
Promoting endothelial dysfunction, increased macrophage recruitment, and promoting inflammation is associated with which Adipokine?
Resistin
43
Is omentin-1 anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory?
Anti
44
Reducing the activation of inflammatory macrophages, suppressing the activity of TNF-a, and central adiposity decreasing this is what type of Adipokine?
Omentin-1
45
Is visfatin pro or anti inflammatory? What does it promote?
Pro-inflammatory
Promotes maturation and polarization of macrophages
46
Is vaspin pro or anti inflammatory? What is its function?
Anti-inflammatory
Inhibits ROS generation and increases insulin sensitivity
47
Which adipokines are anti-inflammatory?
Vaspin
Omentin-1
Adiponectin
48
Which Adipokines are pro-inflammatory?
Resistin and visfatin
49
What increases/ decreases with dysfunctional adipose cells?
Leptin
Adiponectin
Resistin
Omentin-1
Visfatin
Vaspin
Leptin= increase
Adiponectin= decrease
Resistin=increase
Omentin-1= decrease
Visfatin= increase
Vaspin= decrease
50
What are the anti-inflammatory cytokines that improves insulin sensitivity?
IL-4, IL-10, IL-13
51
Are dysfunctional cells pro or anti inflammatory and why?
Pro-inflammtory since they are calling the immune system for help
52
What are the pro-inflammatory cytokines?
IL-6
IL-1b
TNF-a
IFN-y
MCP-1
53
T or F
IL-6 decreases insulin resistance and recruits more macrophages
False, increases insulin resistance
54
T or F
Tumor necrosis factor- alpha increases free fatty acid release, increase ROS, and increase insulin resistance
True
55
Other than IL-6, what other cytokines increases insulin resistance and recruits more macrophages?
IFN-y
56
MCP-1 is a cytokines that recruits ____
More macrophages
57
_____ is a metabolic condition that results from the accumulation of lipid intermediates in non-adipose tissue, leading to cellular dysfunction and death
Lipotoxicity
58
Long term adipocyte dysfunction is accompanied by adverse effects where?
Liver
Pancreatic beta cells
Skeletal muscle
Heart and vascular beds
59
What is hyperplasia?
Amount of fat cells increasing
60
What is hypertrophy?
Larger fat cells
61
Hypertrophy can lead to increased release of certain ____, FFA, and ____
Certain adipokines
Inflammatory mediators
62
Would hyperplasia increase or decrease these things:
Cell number
FFA release
Adiponectin
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Immune cell recruitment
Hypoxia
Insulin sensitivity
Cell number increase
FFA release decrease
Adiponectin increase
Pro-inflammatory cytokines decr
Immune cell recruitment decr
Hypoxia decrease
Insulin sensitivity increase
63
Would hypertrophy increase or decrease these things:
Cell size
FFA release
Adiponectin
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Immune cell recruitment
Hypoxia
Insulin sensitivity
Cell size increase
FFA release increase
Adiponectin decrease
Pro-inflammatory cytokines incr
Immune cell recruitment incre
Hypoxia increase
Insulin sensitivity decrease
64
What are macrophages before they become macrophages?
Monocytes
65
Macrophages serve as sentries maintaining tissue ____
Homeostasis
66
T or F
The central role of macrophages is the clearance of foreign materials, dead cells, and cellular debris within tissue
True
67
T or F
M1 macrophages are more favorable because they promote anti-inflammatory processes
False, M2 macrophages do that
68
Would M2 macrophages be mostly in dysfunctional or non-dysfunctional adipose tissue?
Non-dysfunctional
69
Would M1 macrophages be mostly in dysfunctional or non-dysfunctional adipose tissue?
Dysfunctional
70
When are M1 macrophages needed?
When cells need help
71
What immune system cells help with adipose tissue immunity?
T- helper cells (TH1 and TH2)
Regulatory T cells (Treg)
Cytotoxic T cells
B cells (produce antibodies)
72
T or F
B-cells are located in both dysfunctional and non-dysfunctional cells
False, only in dysfunctional cells
73
T or F
Treg cells are found in both brown and white adipose tissue
False, only in white
74
In central adiposity the number of T-regs (increases/decreases) _____ as the inflammation in adipocyte increases
Decreased
75
T or F
Depending on the stimulus IL-10, IL-1, TNF-a, and IL-4 are released by certain macrophages and other immune cells
True
76
T or F
With dysfunctional adipose cells, you will see more hyperplasia that hypertrophy
False
77
T or F
Both helper T cells (TH1) and (TH2) influence macrophages, release cytokines, and are part of the adaptive immune system
True
78
T or F
The overall message from non-dysfunctional adipocytes is to increase type 2 macrophages and decrease inflammation
True
79
T or F
Fat cells are being monitored by the innate and adaptive immune system
True
80
T or F
Visfatin increases the polarization of macrophages into a M2 state
False, M1 state
81
T or F
M1 macrophages only have negative functions, and M2 macrophages only have positive functions
False
82
As central adiposity increases, which of the following also increases?
A. Resistin
B. TNF-a
C. Certain antibodies
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct
E
83
T or F
A function of fat cells is to store TAG and glycogen
False
84
Where can the body store energy during excessive caloric intake?
A. Adipose tissue
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct
D
85
T or F
With dysfunctional adipose cells there can be an increase in insulin in the bloodstream because the dysfunctional adipocytes may become insulin resistant
True
86
Decreased Adiponectin levels are associated with which of the following?
A. Increased insulin sensitivity
B. Increased atherosclerosis
C. Impairment of glucagon
B
87
T or F
Crown like structures are common in dysfunctional adipose cells
True
88
Dysfunctional adipose cells experience which of the following?
A. Decreased Resistin
B. Increase of TNF-a
C. Increased glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity
B
89
T or F
As adipose cells become larger hypoxia within the adipose cells increases
True
90
T or F
Adiponectin levels increase after weight loss
True
91
T or F
Omentin-1 is decreased with dysfunctional adipose cells
True
92
T or F
Hyperplasia describes the number of cells while hypertrophy describes cell health
False, hypertrophy d describes cell size
93
T or F
White adipose tissue is found in the upper thorax of adults
False it’s brown adipose tissue
94
Glycogen is stored in the _____
A. Kidneys
B. Liver
C. Skeletal muscle
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct
D
95
T or F
Resistin decreased insulin sensitivity and promotes endothelial dysfunction when present in high levels in the body
True
96
T or F
Losing weight while overweight/obese causes adipocytes to release more IL-6 which reduced adipocyte hypertrophy
False
97
Which of the following is involved in dysfunctional adipose tissue?
A. IFN-gamma
B. Cytotoxic T cells
C. Ig synthesis
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct
E
98
T or F
Hypoxia can be defined as low amounts of oxygen to the cell
True
99
Which if the following is a correct statement?
A. Vaspin levels decrease after weight loss
B. Initially levels of Leptin levels increase with weight loss
C. IL-1b levels increase in dysfunctional adipose tissues
D. Two are correct
E. All are correct
C
100
T or F
Increased Resistin levels is associated with promoting damage to the endothelial tissue within the cardiovascular system
True
101
M2 macrophages are more likely to secrete Resistin than M1 macrophages
False
102
T or F
Insulin levels increase with weight loss
False
103
With increased central adiposity, which Adipokine would most likely increase?
A. Visfatin
B. Omentin-1
C. TNF-a
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct
A
104
Which of the following improves insulin sensitivity?
A. Omentin-1
B. IL-6
C. IL-10
D. Only two are correct
E. All three are correct
D
A and C improve insulin sensitivity
105
T or F
Intra-abdominal fat increases the risk of CVD and hypertension
True
106
T or F
There is a decreased risk of hypoxia occurring in the blood vessels that supply oxygen in hypertrophic adipocytes
False, increased risk
107
T or F
IL-13 production increases in hypertrophic adipocytes
False
108
T or F
The Adipokine IFN-y increased with increased central adiposity
False, because IFN-y is a cytokine
109
T or F
Both TH1 and TH2 cells release cytokines and influence macrophages
True
110
T or F
Regulatory T cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells are a part of the adaptive immune system
True
111
As central adiposity increases, which of the following also increases?
A. Omentin-1
B. Regulatory T cells
C. Certain immunoglobulin
D. Two are correct
E. All three are correct
C
