Magnesium

Question 1

What is the RDA for Mg for males and females 19-30? What’s the UL

Answer 1

Male= 400 mg/d
Female= 310 mg/d
UL= 350 mg/d (non food)

Question 2

What is the RDA for Mg for pregnant and lactating women?

Answer 2

Pregnant= 350 mg/d
Lactating= 310 mg/d

Question 3

What can excrete magnesium fairly rapidly?

Answer 3

Kidneys

Question 4

Toxicities of magnesium are not likely to occur except in those with _____

Answer 4

Renal disease

Question 5

How does a Mg toxicity usually happen

Answer 5

To much intake of supplements, laxatives, antacids

Question 6

What are common symptoms of magnesium toxicity?

Answer 6

Diarrhea
Nausea
Abdominal cramping
Possible dehydration

Question 7

What are symptoms of a SEVERE magnesium toxicity?

Answer 7

Flushing of skin
Double vision
Slurred speech
Muscle weakness
Muscular paralysis

Question 8

What are sources of magnesium?

Answer 8

Certain fish/ shellfish
Whole grains
Nuts
Seeds
Legumes
Milk and yogurt
Chocolate

Question 9

Processing foods such as refining whole wheat which removes the germ and outer bran layers, substantially reduces its Mg content by over ___%

Answer 9

75%

Question 10

Where is most Mg absorbed?

Answer 10

Small intestine

Question 11

What is Mg absorbed by in the small intestine?

Answer 11

Carrier mediated trans cellular transport
Paracellular diffusion

Question 12

Can Mg be absorbed anywhere else? Where does the rest go?

Answer 12

Some can be absorbed in colon
Rest excreted in feces

Question 13

What substances enhance Mg absorption?

Answer 13

Vitamin D
Protein
Carbs (fructose and oligossachariades)

Question 14

What substances can inhibit Mg absorption?

Answer 14

Phytic acid and Oxalate
Gel forming fiber
High amounts of phosphorus
Unabsorbed fatty acids
Diuretics and PPI’s
Excess alcohol and smoking

Question 15

Excess ____, ___, and ___ are also contributors to lowering magnesium absorption

Answer 15

Sodium
Meat
Caffeine

Question 16

What does the M in TRPM6 stand for?

Answer 16

Melastatin

Question 17

What does TRPM6 do?

Answer 17

Transports Mg from small intestinal lumen into enterocyte

Question 18

What transports Mg in the bloodstream?

Answer 18

Protein bound Mg (albumin and globulins)
Non protein complex Mg (citrate, phosphate, sulfate)
Free Mg2+

Question 19

Which way is most Mg transported in the bloodstream?

Answer 19

Free Mg2+

Question 20

_______ is one of Mg’s functions. __-__% is found in bones. It’s also stored on the surface to be used in times of inadequate intake

Answer 20

Bone mineralization
50-60%

Question 21

What are the enzymatic functions of Mg?

Answer 21

Aids in metabolism of ATP (transfers phosphate)
Phosphorolase kinase (glycogen metabolism)
Krebs cycle enzyme (oxidative decarboxylase)
Enzyme in glycolysis (PFK)
Amino acid activation/ protein synthesis
Beta oxidation
Hydroxylation of vitamin D in 25-position

Question 22

Mg is a cofactors for over ___ enzymatic reactions

Answer 22

300

Question 23

Functions of magnesium are also blood clotting,____, ____, vasodialation, ____, and ____

Answer 23

Relaxing skeletal muscles and smooth muscle in blood vessels/ GI tract
Regulate neuronal transmission
Electrolyte
Glucose regulation

Question 24

How does Mg help with glucose regulation?

Answer 24

It’s release in action and signaling for insulin production

Promotes cellular uptake and utilization of glucose

Question 25

T or F Higher magnesium levels leads to less blood sugar level regulation

Answer 25

False, low Mg= less blood sugar regulation

Question 26

T or F Magnesium deficiency is common among the general population

Answer 26

True

Question 27

People with excess alcohol intake, ____, ___, metabolic syndrome, ____, ____, and ____ are at risk for an Mg deficiency

Answer 27

Kidney failure Type 2 diabetes Malabsorption diseases (IBD) Some diuretics and PPI chronic stress

Question 28

When Mg is low, PTH levels are (increased/decreased) _____ which (i/d) __ Mg intestinal absorption, (i/d)__ Mg urinary loss, and promotes Mg release from ___

Answer 28

Increased Increased Decreased Bone

Question 29

What are initial stage deficiency symptoms of Mg?

Answer 29

Fatigue Lethargy Muscle weakness Nausea/ vomiting Loss of appetite (anorexia)

Question 30

Headache, irritability , ____, ____, ___, and personality changes are are Mg deficiency symptoms as it progresses

Answer 30

Mild anxiety/ nervousness Numbness & tingling Muscle contractions and cramps (Personality changes like seizures, psychosis, hallucinations)

Question 31

Severe deficiencies are rare because about ___% is reabsorbed in the ___, we get it in our diet, and it’s in our ___

Answer 31

65% reabsorbed in kidneys Bones

Question 32

Some diseases that are related to Mg are hypertension, ___, osteoporosis, ___, ___, ___, and constipation

Answer 32

CVD Migraine Diabetes Metabolic syndrome

Question 33

A suboptimal Mg concentration within the body may lead to malfunction with _____ activity, leading to insulin resistance

Answer 33

Tyrosine kinase

Question 34

T or F Less magnesium means less insulin is released

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Which of the following are food sources for magnesium that was mentioned in lecture? A. Poultry B. Baked beans C. Almonds D. Two correct E. All correct

Answer 35

D

Question 36

How can magnesium be absorbed? A. mg absorbed between intestinal cells (Paracellular diffusion) B. Mg can be absorbed through Mg channel TRPM6 C. Mg can be pumped across membrane by TRPV6 D. Two correct E. None correct

Answer 36

D

Question 37

T or F Magnesium toxicity can causes personality changes

Answer 37

False

Question 38

Which of the following are functions of magnesium? A. Increasing Ca in bone B. Aids in energy production C. Hydroxylation of vitamin D in the 25 position D. Two correct E. All correct

Answer 38

D

Question 39

Which are functions of magnesium? A. Protein synthesis B. Blood clotting C. Relaxes GI tract D. Two correct E. All correct

Answer 39

E

Question 40

T or F Studies have looked at magnesium supplementation for migraine headaches and they recommend amounts below the UL

Answer 40

False

Question 41

Which sources for Mg were mentioned in lecture? A. oatmeal B. Cheese C. Chocolate D. Two correct E. All correct

Answer 41

D

Question 42

Which is true? A. Toxicity is more likely to occur with those who have liver disease B. Moderate amounts of alcohol will increase Mg absorption C. Most Mg is absorbed in the enterocyte by carrier mediated trans cellular transport D. Two correct E. None correct

Answer 42

E

Question 43

T or F Tyrosine kinase is important for glycogen metabolism

Answer 43

False

Question 44

T or F Tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that uses Mg as a cofactor. This enzyme is important for insulin metabolism

Answer 44

True