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developmental 2 > adolescence > Flashcards

adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

why is adolescence a period of increased level of risk taking?

A

new situations and environments where not supervised by adults so increased independence > more likely to engage in risky activities

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2
Q

describe the storm and stress model of adolescence

A

every adolescent experiences heightened levels of emotion and it is a period of inevitable turmoil that takes place

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3
Q

what are the criticisms for the storm and stress model?

A

for many teens it is not always a period of turmoil > might feel emotional intensity but its not always a negative period in our development

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4
Q

what did Hall (storm and stress model observe)?

A

males have increase in sensation seeking and aggression, increased in crime rates, 2 types of aggression

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5
Q

what were Hall’s 2 types of aggression?

A

relational aggression (females) and physical aggression (males)

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6
Q

give examples of relational aggression

A

gossiping, rumour spreading, exclusion of others

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7
Q

what do more current models of adolescence focus on?

A

neurobiological > structural and functional changes that occur in the brain, focus on changes in social-emotional processing brain circuitry during adolescence

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8
Q

executive function, behavioural control, decision making are controlled by what parts of the brain?

A

PFC, ACC (anterior cingulate cortex)

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9
Q

what part of the brain is linked to salience and motivation?

A

ventral striatum

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10
Q

what part of the brain is involved in emotion processing and fear assessment?

A

amygdala

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11
Q

what are neurobiological models of adolescence trying to explain?

A

what we see at a psychological level in adolescent behaviour

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12
Q

how would a neurobiological model explain adolescents increase in risk taking?

A

different reward sensitivities and not fully mature cognitive control system

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13
Q

all neurobiological models have a ____ _____ in common

A

dual system

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14
Q

puts the immaturity of the PFC with the relative maturity of the subcortical regions =

A

dual system

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15
Q

what is one example of a dual system neurobiological model?

A

maturational imbalance model (Casey et al, 2008)

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16
Q

this model suggests there is an imbalance between early maturing limbic, affective motivational system with a relatively late developing cortical-control system =

A

maturational imbalance model

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17
Q

why in childhood is there an ability to suppress types of behaviour?

A

become both the PFC and subcortical regions are not fully mature

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18
Q

describe the maturational imbalance model in adolescencts

A

subcortical regions are hyper activated/more mature than PFC > subcortical regions = lots of oestrogen and testosterone receptors > in puberty receive influx of hormones that activate these regions with different information processing. The PFC that isn’t fully mature CANT control behaviours mediated by these regions

19
Q

why in adulthood is there a decrease in adolescent specific behaviours such as greater risk taking?

A

the PFC has now matured to the same level as subcortical regions > can fully guide, modulate and inhibit appropriate vs. inappropriate processes/behaviours

20
Q

the model of enhanced affective and incentive based behaviour shows early maturation of subcortical regions such as ______ and ___________

A

amygdala and ventral striatum

21
Q

early maturation of subcortical regions and late maturation of PFC regions predicts what?

A

a nonlinear enhancement in affectively driven behaviour during adolescence

22
Q

what structures make up the limbic cortex in the limbic system?

A

cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus

23
Q

what structures make up the hippocampal formation in the limbic system?

A

amygdala, septal area, hypothalamus

24
Q

the structures in the limbic system form a complex network that controls what?

A

emotion

25
Q

what brain region was more activated by sucrose in adolescents than in adults?

A

ventral striatum

26
Q

adolescents show _______ amygdala activation in response to fearful faces than children and adults

A

greater

27
Q

what has been found to increase adolescents risk taking?

A

presence of peers

28
Q

adolescents displays heightened ________ and ________ to reward and threat

A

attention, reactivity

29
Q

what was the length of design done in study looking at the trajectory and differences of different mental health conditions?

A

cross sectional

30
Q

what type of mental health disorders start early on in adolescence?

A

behavioural disorders

31
Q

what type of mental health disorders start later on in adolescence?

A

substance use disorders

32
Q

why is it important to intervene before the onset of mental health conditions?

A

beneficial as prevention is better than cure

33
Q

what is the trajectory of alcohol and drug use/abuse?

A

increases with age during adolescence and peaks in early adulthood

34
Q

what is the incidence rate of schizophrenia in men?

A

notable peak in late adolescence and sharp decline into middle age

35
Q

what is the incidence rate of schizophrenia in women?

A

peak in adolescence as well as after 45 years old

36
Q

what is the main environmental factor that increases the risk of psychosis?

A

cannabis

37
Q

what are the symptoms and effects of THC?

A

transiet, dose dependent psychotic symptoms, cognitive effects

38
Q

do all cannabis users develop psychotic symptoms?

A

no > only small minority > individual differences

39
Q

what factors play a role in the strength of the risk cannabis has to its user?

A

dose, THC conc, other environmental factors, genetic predisposition

40
Q

what system plays an important role in brain maturation?

A

endocannabinoid system

41
Q

what is over activated from THC during adolescence that results in changes in neuroplasticity that alter brain maturation?

A

CB1R agonists

42
Q

estimate of the addictive genetic effect that is shared between a pair of traits =

A

genetic correlation

43
Q

measure of the extent to which shared genetic influence generates a correlation between 2 traits =

A

bivariate heritability

developmental 2 (9 decks)

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