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developmental 2 > prenatal development > Flashcards

prenatal development Flashcards

1
Q

neonate =

A

less than 1 month old

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2
Q

give some of the indirect methods to study prenatal development

A

loud sounds on surface of abdomen and report foetus movement, inferences from non human animal models, studies of embryos and foetuses during autopsy, perception and memory of neonates

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3
Q

give some of the direct methods to study prenatal development

A

ultrasound, brain activity via fMRI

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4
Q

what are the 3 prenatal periods?

A

germinal, embryonic, fetal

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5
Q

a single cell zygote develops into morula and then blastocyst. period from conception to attachment to uterine wall 8-10 days later. what period is this?

A

germinal

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6
Q

attachment to end of 8th week and all major organs have taken primitive shape and sexual differentiation occurs. what period is this?

A

embryonic

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7
Q

9th week until birth. what period is this?

A

fetal

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8
Q

how long does the embryonic period last?

A

about 6 weeks

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9
Q

what is the process where the simple ball of cells forms into a more complex embryo with three distinct germ layers?

A

gastrulation

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10
Q

in what ways does the embryo in the embryonic period start responding to the environment?

A

turns head in response to light, touches around mouth

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11
Q

makes up the skin, brain, NS =

A

ectoderm

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12
Q

bones, muscles, heart, circulatory system, internal sex organs =

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

inner lining of some systems, some organs (liver, pancreas) =

A

endoderm

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14
Q

what happens to the ectoderm during brain development?

A

becomes neural plate > differentiates into cells that become the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain > neural plate folds to become the neural tube

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15
Q

how many x in size does the brain grow during the foetus period (week 9-birth)?

A

6x in size

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16
Q

at how many weeks does the foetus reach the “age of viability”?

A

22

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17
Q

the age of viability =

A

the age a preterm baby can survive

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18
Q

at 5-6 weeks what happens to the neural tube and brain hemispheres?

A

neural tube starts to differentiate into different parts of CNS, 2 hemispheres start to develop

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19
Q

what is seen at 7-14 weeks?

A

division of the 2 halves on the brain become visible

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20
Q

what is seen at 6 months?

A

nerve cell generation complete, cortex begins to wrinkle, myelination

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21
Q

what are the 5 phases of brain development?

A

neural plate induction, neural proliferation, migration/aggregration, axon growth and synapse formation, cell death and synapse rearrangement

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22
Q

when does neural plate induction take place?

A

2-3 weeks after conception

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23
Q

what induces development during neural plate induction?

A

chemical signals (growth factors)

24
Q

totipotent =

A

not specialised zygote

25
Q

multipotent =

A

develop into any type of NS cell

26
Q

pluripotent =

A

5 days after fertilisation > blastocyst forms

27
Q

during neural proliferation, what will the 3 swellings at the anterior end become?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

28
Q

what happens during migration?

A

neutrons move away from ectoderm, differentiation begins as migration occurs, develop NT making ability, start generating Paps

29
Q

what act as guide wires for the migration of neurons?

A

radial glia

30
Q

cells that are done migrating align themselves with other cells to form structures =

A

aggregation

31
Q

axons (with growth cones on the end) and dendrites form a ______ with other neurons or tissue

A

synapse

32
Q

what is critical for synaptogenesis to occur?

A

growth cones and chemo-attractants

33
Q

creation of new synapses =

A

synaptogenesis

34
Q

what does synaptogenesis depend on?

A

presence of glial cells (especially astrocytes)

35
Q

why do a lot of neurons die after migration?

A

due to failure to compete for chemicals provided by targets

36
Q

what is the chemical called that neutrons compete for?

A

neurotrophins

37
Q

what does neurotrophin do?

A

promote growth and survival, guide axons, stimulate synaptogenesis

38
Q

does myelination begin in the CNS or the PNS?

A

PNS

39
Q

do motor or sensory roots become myelinated first in the PNS?

A

motor roots

40
Q

myelination begins in the spinal cord at __ weeks and proceeds according to a craniocaudal gradient

A

11

41
Q

in 3rd trimester, myelination begins to occur in the CNS but what is the difference than the PNS?

A

first seen in the sensory tracts (not motor) ie. visual system

42
Q

when does myelination in complex association pathways in the cerebral cortex occur?

A

after birth

43
Q

during infancy and early childhood, the cerebral cortex overproduces _______. how is this corrected?

A

synapses, pruning > experience shapes and solidifies these synapses

44
Q

inherited form of mental retardation in males =

A

fragile X syndrome

45
Q

what is the cause of fragile X syndrome?

A

defective FMR1 gene suppresses the production of proteins that stimulate prancing so excess synapses not pruned sufficiently > leads to ‘noise’ in neural system that causes MR and AD attention deficit symptoms

46
Q

why is immaturity at birth an adaptive feature?

A

brains develop as we have contact with the world so can adapt it to different environments > early experiences create architecture of brain > form new connections

47
Q

cerebral hemispheres begin to develop = how many weeks?

A

9

48
Q

what are early behaviours in early foetal movements due to before the cerebral cortex develops?

A

largely reflexive controlled by simpler circuits in midbrain

49
Q

cells in cerebral cortex proliferate and migrate = how many months?

A

4

50
Q

sulci and gyri develop, capacity to learn and show basic forms of memory = how many months?

A

6

51
Q

foetus behaviour becomes more organised with _______

A

gestation

52
Q

at how many weeks does the foetus have distinct periods of rest and activity and is no longer continually moving?

A

34 weeks

53
Q

foetus’ from 34 weeks spend most of their time in ______ sleep

A

active

54
Q

what behaviours are involved in fetal active sleep?

A

HR and breathing = irregular, responsive to sensory stimuli in uterine environment, eyes show movement, more responsive to touch and sound

55
Q

what are the features of a foetus at 38 weeks (end of pregnancy)?

A

not spend as much time in active sleep, brain is more mature, more inhibitory pathways developed (further reduces amount of movement)

56
Q

foetus have a period of rest and activity in cycles throughout the day. when is there is a peak in activity?

A

when the mother is asleep

developmental 2 (9 decks)

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