AERODROME FACILITIES – AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Question 1

The first attempt to set up rules for air traffic control was made by the ___________, which was under the direction of the _____________.

Answer 1

International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN) ; League of Nations

Question 2

The first attempt to set up rules for air traffic control was made by the International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN), which was under the direction of the League of Nations. The procedures which the commission promulgated in __________ were adopted by ______ countries.

Answer 2

July of 1922 ; 14

Question 3

Construction and operation of the airways system in the United States prior to 1926 were controlled by the __________.

Answer 3

military and by the Post Office Department

Question 4

The ____________ of the federal government into the regulation of air traffic came with the passage of the Air Commerce Act of 1926 (Public Law 64-254).

Answer 4

formal entry

Question 5

This act directed the Bureau of Air Commerce to establish, maintain, and operate lighted civil airways.

Answer 5

Air Commerce Act of 1926 (Public Law 64-254)

Question 6

At the present time the ____________ maintains and operates the airways system of the United States.

Answer 6

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

Question 7

The establishment of the ____________ in _____________ helped to standardize recommended air traffic control procedures internationally.

Answer 7

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) ; 1944

Question 8

Today, air traffic control in each country is operated either by its ______________ or by ______________ under governmental supervision and regulations.

Answer 8

federal government ; private corporations

Question 9

The primary mission of the Federal Aviation Administration, as well as its international counterparts, is to ____________

Answer 9

provide for safe and efficient movement of aircraft throughout the airspace system.

Question 10

The primary function of the ____________ is to prevent collisions between aircraft.

Answer 10

air traffic management system

Question 11

The ______________ is a network of both controlled and uncontrolled airspace, both domestic and oceanic. It also includes air navigation facilities, equipment and services; airports and landing areas; aeronautical charts, information and services; rules and regulations; procedures and technical information; and manpower and material.

Answer 11

National Airspace System (NAS)

Question 12

In general, aircraft operate in what is known as the _____________. The _____ is defined by a series of air routes, airspace classifications, and navigational aids.

Answer 12

National Airspace System (NAS)

Question 13

is operated and managed by a hierarchical organization of air traffic control facilities

Answer 13

National Airspace System (NAS)

Question 14

In the United States, air traffic control is managed on a macro level at the air traffic control system command center (ATCSCC) in _____________.

Answer 14

Herndon, Virginia

Question 15

______________ has the authority to implement ground delay programs by dictating certain aircraft to remain at their airports of departure to prevent further congestion in points of the airspace or at airports suffering from delays due to weather or heavy traffic volumes.

Answer 15

air traffic control system command center (ATCSCC)

Question 16

_______________- have the responsibility of controlling the movement of en route aircraft along the airways and jet routes, and in other parts of the airspace.

Answer 16

Air route traffic control centers (ARTCCs)

Question 17

_____________ are normally not located at airports. _______________ can also provide approach control service to nontowered airports and to nonterminal radar approach control airports.

Answer 17

Air traffic control centers

Question 18

____________ oversees the entire air traffic control system, managing traffic within the entire National Airspace System (NAS) and handling issues like bad weather or traffic overloads in specific centers.

Answer 18

Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC)

Question 19

_____________ manages traffic within a specific flight information region (FIR) or sector of the airspace, typically during the en route phase of flight.

Answer 19

Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)

Question 20

Each ____________ is divided into sectors. The configuration of each sector is based on equalizing the workload of the controllers. Control of aircraft is passed from one sector to another.

Answer 20

ARTCC geographical area

Question 21

ARTCC geographical area

Each sector is normally provided with one or more ______________ which cover the entire sector and allow for monitoring of separation between aircraft in the sector.

Answer 21

air route surveillance radar (ARSR) units

Question 22

The ________________ monitors the air traffic in the airspace surrounding airports with moderate to high density traffic.

Answer 22

terminal approach control facility (TRACON)

Question 23

TERMINAL APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY (TRACON)

It has jurisdiction in the control and separation of air traffic from the boundary area of the air traffic control tower at an airport to a distance of up to_______ from the airport and to an altitude ranging up to ___________.

Answer 23

50 mi ; 17,000 ft

Question 24

This is commonly referred to as the _________. In essence the facility receives aircraft from the ARTCC and guides them to one of several airports. In providing this guidance, it performs the important function of metering and sequencing aircraft to provide uniform and orderly flow to the airports.

Answer 24

terminal area

Question 25

It has jurisdiction in the control and separation of air traffic from the boundary area of the air traffic control tower at an airport to a distance of up to 50 mi from the airport and to an altitude ranging up to 17,000 ft.

Answer 25

TERMINAL APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY (TRACON)

Question 26

___________ is the facility which supervises, directs, and monitors the arrival and departure traffic at the airport and in the immediate airspace within 5 mi from the airport.

Answer 26

The airport traffic control tower (ATCT)

Question 27

The tower is responsible for issuing clearances to all departing aircraft, providing pilots with information on wind, temperature, barometric pressure, and operating conditions at the airport, and for the control of all aircraft on the ground except in the maneuvering area immediately adjacent to the aircraft parking positions called the ramp area.

Answer 27

AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER (ATCT)

Question 28

______________ are the element of the air traffic management system that provides information and other noncontrol communications to aircraft operating in the system.

Answer 28

flight service stations (FSS)

Question 29

Their principal functions are to accept and close flight plans, brief pilots about their routes of flight, and to provide important information, in the form of notices to airmen (NOTAMs)

Answer 29

flight service stations (FSS)

Question 30

flight service stations (FSS) Their principal functions are to accept and close flight plans, brief pilots about their routes of flight, and to provide important information, in the form of _____________-

Answer 30

notices to airmen (NOTAMs)

Question 31

A secondary function is to relay traffic control messages between aircraft and the appropriate control facility on the ground.

Answer 31

flight service stations (FSS)

Question 32

_______________ are applied when there is sufficient visibility for pilots of aircraft to be able to navigate by referencing locations on the ground, as well as to be able to see and avoid other aircraft in the area.

Answer 32

Visual meteorological conditions (VMC)

Question 33

______________ are conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or better than specified minima. (ICAO Annex 2: Rules of the Air)

Answer 33

Visual meteorological conditions (VMC)

Question 34

VMC are detailed in ICAO Annex 2. Essentially, they are:

Answer 34

When above 3,000ft or 1,000ft above terrain, whichever is higher: - 1500m horizontally and 1,000 ft vertically from cloud; - Flight visibility 5km below 10,000ft and 8km above 10,000 ft. When below 3,000 ft or 1,000 ft above terrain, whichever is higher: - Clear of cloud and in sight of the surface; - Flight visibility 5km.

Question 35

_____________ is an aviation flight category that describes weather conditions that require pilots to fly primarily by reference to instruments, and therefore under IFR.

Answer 35

Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)

Question 36

_____________ are meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions (VMC). (ICAO Annex 2)

Answer 36

Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)

Question 37

VMC are detailed in ICAO Annex 2. Essentially, they are:

Answer 37

When above 3,000ft or 1,000ft above terrain, whichever is higher: - 1500m horizontally and 1,000 ft vertically from cloud; - Flight visibility 5km below 10,000ft and 8km above 10,000 ft. When below 3,000 ft or 1,000 ft above terrain, whichever is higher: - Clear of cloud and in sight of the surface; - Flight visibility 5km.

Question 38

_____________ are applied when there is sufficient visibility for pilots of aircraft to be able to navigate by referencing locations on the ground, as well as to be able to see and avoid other aircraft in the area.

Answer 38

Visual meteorological conditions (VMC)

Question 39

VMC is defined as at least ___ statute miles visibility and cloud “ceilings” (defined as at least 5/8 of the sky covered by clouds) of at least _________

Answer 39

3 ; 1000 ft above the ground (AGL).

Question 40

(defined as at least 5/8 of the sky covered by clouds)

Answer 40

“ceilings”

Question 41

instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) exist when visibilities are ____ statute miles and cloud ceilings are __________

Answer 41

less than 3 ; less than 1000 ft above the ground.

Question 42

At its most basic level, aircraft operating in VMC tend to fly under _______

Answer 42

visual flight rules (VFR).

Question 43

____________- depend on aircraft operators to visually maintain adequate separation from terrain, clouds, and other aircraft. Under VFR, aircraft navigation is based on visual reference to locations on the ground, including visual identification and approaches to airports.

Answer 43

VFR

Question 44

While flying under VFR conditions, pilots may request from air traffic control to be under ___________

Answer 44

“flight following.”

Question 45

_______________, air traffic control operators provide assistance to pilots by supervising course and altitude changes, as well as actively notifying pilots of nearby aircraft. Pilots flying under VFR conditions are required to fly under flight following in the busiest of airspace.

Answer 45

Under flight following

Question 46

Aircraft flying in IMC or at altitudes over 18,000 ft above sea level (AMSL) fly under _____________

Answer 46

instrument flight rules (IFR).

Question 47

Aircraft flying under______ navigate using ground-based and satellite-based navigation aides and are fully controlled along planned routes by air traffic control personnel.

Answer 47

IFR

Question 48

Often times, flights operating under _____ will fly defined departure and approach procedures to and from airports which depend on flying precise courses and altitudes to and from waypoints as defined by ground- and satellite-based navigation systems.

Answer 48

IFR

Question 49

FAA SUBCHAPTER E: Airspace

Answer 49

14 CFR 71 – DESIGNATION OF CLASS A, B, C, D, AND E AIRSPACE AREAS; AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE ROUTES; AND REPORTING POINTS

Question 50

CLASS A

Answer 50

POSITIVE CONTROL AIRSPACE 18,000 ft MSL - 60,000 AMSL (FL600)

Question 51

CLASS B

Answer 51

INVERTED WEDDING CAKE SURFACE- 10,000 ft MSL

Question 52

CLASS C

Answer 52

inverted wedding cake; less volume than class B SURFACE (5 n.mi radius) - 4,000 ft AGL (5-10 n.mi radius)

Question 53

CLASS D

Answer 53

within 5 mi. radius of airport surface - 2,500 ft AGL

Question 54

CLASS E

Answer 54

Passive control for airplanes surface/700 ft AGL/1,200 ft AGL - 14,500 ft MSL

Question 55

CLASS G

Answer 55

DOES NOT WILL IN CLASS A, B, C, D OR E UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE

Question 56

Since aircraft flying in Class A airspace are generally fast moving commercial airline or general aviation aircraft, all aircraft operating in Class A airspace operate ___________.

Answer 56

under IFR

Question 57

The purpose of___________ airspace is to provide an area of positive air traffic control to coordinate the many high speed aircraft transitioning from high altitudes to landing at the busiest airports, and vice versa.

Answer 57

Class B

Question 58

Aircraft operating within Class B airspace are under ____________ , and as such must either be flying under IFR rules or, with permission from air traffic control, under VFR rules with flight following.

Answer 58

positive air traffic control

Question 59

are defined within the NAS as areas prohibited to any civil aviation activity. These areas are typically defined around highly sensitive locations, such as the White House in Washington, D.C.

Answer 59

PROHIBITED AREAS

Question 60

are defined within the NAS as areas where regular, but not constant, sensitive operations occur, precluding the safe passage of civil aircraft. These areas, such as around the Kennedy Space Center on the east coast of Florida, will periodically restrict civilian access when sensitive activities are occurring.

Answer 60

RESTRICTED AREAS

Question 61

are defined as areas with periodic military aviation or other activity. These areas may be entered only by permission from air traffic control, which coordinates with the military for civilian use.

Answer 61

MILITARY OPERATIONS AREAS (MOAs)

Question 62

are defined as areas that temporarily restrict or prohibit most civil aviation operations for reasons of national security.

Answer 62

TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS (TFRs)

Question 63

are implemented with little advance notice for a variety of reasons, ranging from protecting nuclear power facilities, to national sporting events, to the travels of the President of the United States. Oftentimes, the activation of a TFR will have serious impacts on the accessibility of an airport to the aviation system.

Answer 63

TFRs

Question 64

Aircraft flying from one point to another have traditionally followed designated routes. In the United States these are referred to as ___________ and ____________.

Answer 64

victor airways and jet routes

Question 65

The earliest airways, created in the 1920s were initially given a color designation on aeronautical charts and described by their color.

Answer 65

COLORED AIRWAYS

Question 66

The trunk lines east and west were _____, trunk lines north and south were ______, secondary lines east and west were ________, and secondaries north and south were ________.

Answer 66

green; amber; red; blue

Question 67

The colored airways were phased out as aircraft became equipped to use the ___________ in the late 1940s.

Answer 67

victor airways

Question 68

Following the development of the LF/MF four course radio ranges the routes now known as the ________ were established

Answer 68

victor airways

Question 69

The victor airways are delineated on the ground by

Answer 69

very high frequency omnirange radio equipment (VORs).

Question 70

The numbering system for these airways is ________ numbers east and west, _______ numbers north and south.

Answer 70

even ; odd

Question 71

________ extend from 1200 ft above the terrain to, but not including, 18,000 ft AMSL. ___________ extend from 18,000 ft to 45,000 ft AMSL. Above 45,000 ft there are ____________ and aircraft are handled on an individual basis.

Answer 71

Victor airways; Jet routes; no designated routes

Question 72

With the introduction of commercial jet aircraft in 1958, the altitudes at which these aircraft flew increased significantly. At higher altitudes the number of ground stations (VORs) required to delineate a specific route is smaller than at lower altitudes because the signal is transmitted on a line of sight. Therefore there was no need to clutter the high altitude routes with all the ground stations required for low altitude flying. All the routes in the continental United States could be placed on one chart

Answer 72

JET ROUTES

Question 73

are delineated by the same aids to navigation on the ground (VORs) as are victor airways but fewer stations are used.

Answer 73

jet routes

Question 74

is a method of aircraft navigation that permits aircraft operation on any desired course within the coverage of station-referenced navigational signals or within the limits of a self-contained system capability.

Answer 74

AREA NAVIGATION Area navigation, RNAV

Question 75

is possible due to the proliferation of onboard aircraft technologies that take advantage of the global positioning system (GPS).

Answer 75

AREA NAVIGATION Area navigation, RNAV,

Question 76

GPS is based on ___ satellites located approximately _________ about the earth in a geostatic orbit.

Answer 76

24; 12,000 mi

Question 77

Air traffic rules governing the minimum separation of aircraft in the vertical, horizontal or longitudinal, and lateral directions are established in ____________-

Answer 77

each country by the appropriate government authority.

Question 78

AIR TRAFFIC SEPARATION RULES

Answer 78

Vertical Separation in the Airspace Assigned Flight Altitudes Longitudinal Separation in the Airspace Lateral Separation in the Airspace

Question 79

can be broadly classified into two groups, ground-based systems and satellite-based systems. Each system is complimented by systems installed in the cockpit.

Answer 79

Aids to navigation, known as NAVAIDS,

Question 80

The oldest active ground-based navigational aid is the nondirectional beacon (NDB). The NDB emits radio frequency signals on frequencies between 400 and 1020 Hz modulation. NDBs are typically mounted on a pole approximately 35 ft tall.

Answer 80

Nondirectional Beacon

Question 81

The NDB emits radio frequency signals on frequencies between __________ modulation. NDBs are typically mounted on a pole approximately ________ tall.

Answer 81

400 and 1020 Hz; 35 ft

Question 82

Aircraft navigate using the NDB by referencing an _______ located on the aircraft’s panel. The___ simply points toward the location of the NDB.

Answer 82

automatic direction finder (ADF)

Question 83

These stations are located on the ground and send out radio signals in all directions. Each signal can be considered as a course or a route, referred to as a radial that can be followed by an aircraft.

Answer 83

Very High Frequency Omni range Radio

Question 84

Very High Frequency Omni range Radio In terms of 1° intervals, there are ___ courses or routes that are radiated from a VOR station, from 0° pointing toward magnetic north increasing to ___ in a clockwise direction.

Answer 84

360; 359°

Question 85

is a small square building topped with what appears to be a white derby hat. It broadcasts on a frequency just above that of FM radio stations.

Answer 85

VOR transmitter station

Question 86

The ___________ shows the pilot the slant distance between the aircraft and a particular VOR station. Since it is the air distance in nautical miles that is measured, the receiving equipment in an aircraft flying at 35,000 ft directly over the DME station would read 5.8 nm.

Answer 86

Distance Measuring Equipment

Question 87

Strictly speaking __________ is not an aid to navigation. Its principal function is to provide air traffic controllers with a visual display of the position of each aircraft so they can monitor their spacings and intervene when necessary.

Answer 87

radar

Question 88

A long-range radar for tracking en route aircraft has been established throughout the continental United States and in other parts of the world. While in the United States there is complete radar overage in the 48 contiguous states, this is not the case elsewhere in the world. These radars have a range of about 250 nm.

Answer 88

Air Route Surveillance Radar

Question 89

was the only ground-based system certified to provide both lateral and vertical guidance to aircraft on approach to an airport,

Answer 89

Instrument Landing System

Question 90

as of 2008 is the only navigational aid certified by the FAA to provide “precision” navigation for aircraft, and is still the most widely used method of approach navigation at the world’s larger airports

Answer 90

Instrument Landing System

Question 91

The ___________ indicates to pilots whether they are left or right of the correct alignment for approach to the runway.

Answer 91

localizer

Question 92

The _______ indicates the correct angle of descent to the runway.

Answer 92

glide slope

Question 93

Glide slopes are in the order of from ______________.

Answer 93

2°–3° to 7.5°

Question 94

is a satellite-based radio positioning and navigation system. The system is designed to provide highly accurate position and velocity information on a continuous global basis to an unlimited number of properly equipped users.

Answer 94

Global Positioning System

Question 95

The system is unaffected by weather and provides a common worldwide grid reference system.

Answer 95

Global Positioning System

Question 96

predicated upon accurate and continuous knowledge of the spatial position of each satellite in the system with respect to time and distance from a transmitting satellite to the user.

Answer 96

Global Positioning System

Question 97

The GPS system consists of ___________ in near-circular orbit about the earth. GPS receivers onboard aircraft automatically select the appropriate signals from typically ___________ which are in view of the receiver and translate these signals into a three-dimensional position, and when the receiver is in motion, velocity.

Answer 97

24 satellites; four satellites

Question 98

Further enhancements to the air traffic management system include the use of advanced digital data-link systems, known as_________

Answer 98

automated dependent surveillance.

Question 99

send digitally transmitted information between specific aircraft

Answer 99

ADS-address (ADS-A) systems

Question 100

broadcast information to all equipped aircraft and air traffic management facilities, identifying their locations to other traffic in the system, providing the added ability to safety avoid collisions even in poor visibility conditions.

Answer 100

ADS-broadcast (ADS-B) systems