LESSON 7: AERODROME FACILITIES – AIRPORT LIGHTING,MARKINGS & SIGNAGES Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
assist the pilot on
approach to an airport, as well as
navigating around an airfield and are
essential elements of airport
infrastructure
A
Visual aids
2
Q
VISUAL AIDS
These facilities may be divided into
three categories:
A
lighting, marking,
and signage.
3
Q
Lighting is further categorized as either approach
lighting or surface lighting. Specific lighting systems
described in this chapter include.
A
- Approach lighting
- Runway threshold lighting
- Runway edge lighting
- Runway centerline and touchdown zone lights
- Runway approach slope indicators
- Taxiway edge and centerline lighting
4
Q
Airfield marking and signage includes
A
- Runway and taxiway pavement markings
- Runway and taxiway guidance sign systems
5
Q
Airfield lighting, marking, and signage
facilities provide the following functions:
A
- Ground to air visual information required
during landing - The visual requirements for takeoff and
landing - The visual guidance for taxiing
6
Q
In order to enhance the visual information during the day, the
runway is painted with
A
standard marking patterns
7
Q
The key
elements in these patterns are _______________ to increase the
perspective and to define the plane of the surface.
A
the threshold, the centerline,
the edges, plus multiple parallel lines
8
Q
During the day when visibility is poor and at night, the _________ is reduced by a significant amount over the clear
weather daytime scene. It is therefore essential to provide ________ which will be as meaningful to pilots as possible
A
visual information; visual
aids
9
Q
The Visual Aid Requirements needed to have/should help on
the aerodrome are the following:
A
- The Airport Beacon
- Obstruction Lighting
- The Aircraft Landing Operation
- Alignment Guidance
- Height Information
10
Q
are lighted to mark an
airport
A
Beacons
11
Q
They are designed to produce
a narrow horizontal and vertical beam
of high-intensity light which is rotated
about a vertical axis so as to produce
approximately ___ flashes per minute
for civil airports and ___ flashes per
minute for military airports.
A
12; 18
12
Q
The flashes with a clearly visible duration of
at least 0.15 s are arranged in a
________ sequence for land airports and
a _________ sequence for landing areas
on water.
A
white-green; white yellow
13
Q
________ use a double white flash
followed by a longer green or yellow flash
to differentiate them from civil airfields.
The beacons are mounted on top of the
control tower or similar high structure in
the immediate vicinity of the airport.
A
Military airports
14
Q
White and Green:
A
Lighted Land Airport
15
Q
Single Green:
A
Lighted Land Airport (used with a white-and-green beacon)
16
Q
White and Yellow:
A
Lighted Water Airport
17
Q
Single Yellow:
A
Lighted Water Airport (used with a white-and-yellow beacon)
18
Q
Green, Yellow, and White:
A
Lighted Heliport
19
Q
White, White, Green:
A
Military Airport (two quick white flashes between green flashes)
20
Q
White, Green, Amber:
A
Hospital or Emergency Services Heliport
21
Q
are identified by fixed, flashing, or
rotating red lights or beacons.
A
Obstructions
22
Q
It is a system of lights used to enhance the
visibility of structures or fixed obstacles that
could interfere with the safe navigation of
aircraft. These lights are typically installed
on buildings, towers, fences, and other
structures located in areas where aircraft
may operate at low altitudes.
A
Obstructions
23
Q
The purpose of __________ is to
make these structures more visible to pilots,
especially during adverse weather or low
visibility conditions, and to help them avoid
collisions.
A
obstruction lighting
24
Q
An __________
may be visualized as a sequence of operations involving a
transient body suspended in a three-dimensional grid that
is approaching a fixed two-dimensional grid.
A
aircraft approaching a runway in a landing operation
25
If the three coordinate axes are aligned ____, _____, ______ to the end of the runway, the
directions of motion can be described as _____, _______, _______. The rotations are normally called _____, ____, ______ , for the horizontal, vertical, and parallel
axes, respectively.
horizontal, vertical, and parallel; lateral, vertical, and forward; pitch, yaw, and roll
26
During a landing operation, pilots must
control and coordinate all _________ of the
aircraft so as to bring the aircraft into coincidence with
the desired approach or reference path to the touchdown
point on the runway
six degrees of freedom
27
Pilots must know where their aircraft is
with respect to _______ displacement from
the centerline of the runway.
lateral
28
The predominant _______ comes from longitudinal lines that constitute the centerline and edges of the
runway
alignment guidance
29
All techniques, such as _____, ________, _________ that develop
contrast and emphasize these linear
elements are helpful in providing
alignment information.
painting, lighting, or surface treatment
30
The estimation of the height above ground from
visual cues is one of the most difficult judgments for
pilots. It is simply not possible to provide __________ from an approach lighting system.
Consequently the best source of height information is
the __________ in the aircraft.
good height information; instrumentation
31
However, use of
these instruments often requires the availability of
_______ or ________
technologies. Many airports have no such
technologies, and at others only provide lateral
approach guidance to certain runways.
precision ground or satellite based navigation
32
Consequently two types of ground-based visual aids
defining the desired glide path have been developed.
These are known as the
visual approach slope
indicator (VASI) and the precision approach path
indicator (PAPI)
33
are
designed specifically to provide
guidance for aircraft approaching a particular runway under nighttime or
other low-visibility conditions.
Approach lighting systems (ALS)
34
are normally mounted on
frangible pedestals of varying height to improve
the perspective of the pilot in approaching a
runway.
Approach lights
35
The first approach lighting system was
known as the __________. In this
system, developed by E. S. Calvert in Great
Britain in 1949, often used in conjunction
with Instrument Landing Systems (ILS).
Calvert system
36
It's characterized by a centerline of white
lights and five white crossbars, extending
900 meters before the runway threshold
Calvert system
37
It
is also commonly known as the __________. The
Calvert system is still used in developing
countries.
ICAO
category I approach lighting system
38
The ALSs currently certified by the FAA
for installation in the United States consist
of a __________, which is required
for category II and category III precision
approaches, a ____________, and _________
high-intensity ALS with sequenced flashing lights (ALSF-2)
high-intensity approach
lighting system with sequenced flashing lights (ALSF-1)
three medium-intensity
ALSs (MALSR, MALS, MALSF)
39
are lighting
systems designed to provide a measure of
vertical guidance to aircraft approaching a
particular runway.
Visual approach slope aids
40
The principle of these aids is to provide
color-based identification to the pilot
indicating their variation from a desired
altitude and descent rate while on
approach
Visual Approach Slope Aids
41
is a
system of lights which acts as an aid in defining the
desired glide path in relatively good weather conditions.
________ lighting intensities are designed to be visible from
3 to 5 mi during the day and up to 20 mi at night.
visual approach slope indicator (VASI)
42
There are a number of different VASI configurations
depending on the
desired visual range, the type of
aircraft, and whether large wide bodied aircraft will be
using the runway.
43
Each group of lights transverse to the direction of
the runway is referred to as a ___.
bar
44
The downwind bar is
typically located between _____ and _______ from the
runway threshold, each subsequent bar is located
between ____ and _____ from the previous bar.
125 and 800 ft; 500 and 1000 ft
45
A bar is
made up of one, two, or three light units, referred to as
_____
boxes
46
The bar that is nearest to the runway threshold is
referred to as the _______ , and the bar that
is farthest from the runway threshold is referred to
as the ________ .
downwind bar; upwind bar
47
if
pilots are on the proper glide path, the downwind
bar appears ______ and the upwind bar appears
_______; if pilots are too low, both bars appear _______ ; and
if they are too high both bars appear ________.
white, red; red, white
48
This
system gives more precise indications to the pilot
of the approach path of the aircraft and utilizes
only one bar as opposed to the minimum of two
required by the VASI system.
PRECISION APPROACH PATH INDICATOR
(PAPI)
49
The system consists of a unit with four lights
on either side of the approach runway.
PRECISION APPROACH PATH INDICATOR (PAPI)
50
By utilizing
the color scheme, the pilot is able to ascertain ______ relative to the proper glide
slope as compared with three with the VASI
system.
five approach angles
51
During the final approach for landing, pilots
must make a decision to complete the landing
or “execute a missed approach.” The ________ is a major factor
in pilot decisions to land or not to land
identification of the threshold
52
The _________ is identified at large airports by
a complete line of green lights extending
across the entire width of the runway
threshold
53
The
lights on either side of the runway threshold
may be _____.
elevated
54
Threshold lights in the
direction of landing are ______ but in the
opposite direction these lights are ________ to
indicate the end of the runway.
green; red
55
After crossing the threshold, pilots must
complete a ___ and ___ on the
runway
touchdown and roll out
56
The _______ for this phase of
landing are be designed to give pilots
information on alignment, lateral displacement,
roll, and distance.
runway visual aids
57
Some major classification of the Runway Lighting
are the following
1. Runway Edge Lights
2. Runway Centerline
3. Touchdown Zone Lights
4. Runway End Identifier Lights
58
outline
the edge of runways during nighttime and
reduced visibility conditions
Runway edge lighting systems
59
Runway edge
lights are classified by intensity,
high
intensity (HIRL), medium intensity (MIRL),
and low intensity (LIRL)
60
are typically
installed on visual runways and at rural
airports
LIRLs
61
are typically installed on visual
runways at larger airports and on nonprecision
instrument runways
MIRLs
62
Runway edge lights are white, except that
the last ________ in the
direction of aircraft operations these lights are
yellow to indicate a caution zone.
2000 ft of an instrument runway
63
Runway edge lights are white, except that
the last 2000 ft of an instrument runway in the
direction of aircraft operations these lights are
______ to indicate a caution zone.
yellow
64
are installed on
some precision approach runways to
facilitate landing under adverse visibility
conditions.
Runway centerline lights
65
Runway centerline lights are spaced at
______ intervals on large precision
runways to improve visibility.
50-foot
66
the runway
centerline lights are white until the last _____ of the runway
3,000 feet
67
runway
centerline lights
The white lights
begin to alternate with red for the next
________, and for the last ________ of
the runway, all centerline lights are red.
2,000 feet; 1,000 feet
68
in order to reduce the
black hole effect and provide adequate
guidance during very poor visibility conditions,
_____ and ______ are typically installed in the pavement.
runway centerline and touchdown zone
lights
69
are white, consist of a three-bulb bar on
either side of the runway centerline,
which start 100 feet beyond the landing
threshold and extend to 3,000 feet
beyond the landing threshold or to the
midpoint of the runway, whichever is
less.
Runway touchdown zone lights
70
are installed at
airports where there are no approach lights to provide
pilots with positive visual identification of the approach
end of the runway.
Runway end identifier lights (REIL)
71
The system consists of a pair of
synchronized white flashing lights located on each side
of the runway threshold and is intended for use when
there is adequate visibility
Runway end identifier lights (REIL)
72
are provided
for taxiing at night and also during the day
when visibility is very poor, particularly at
commercial service airports.
Taxiway lighting systems
73
There are two primary types of lights used
for the designation of taxiways.
One type
delineates the edges of taxiways and the
other type delineates the centerline of the
taxiway.
74
75
In addition, there is an increasing
use of lighting systems on taxiways, such as ________ and _______
to identify intersections with runways, in an
effort to reduce accidental incursions on to
active runway environments.
runway guard lights (RGLs) and stop bars,
76
are elevated blue
colored bidirectional lights usually located at
intervals of not more than 200 ft on either side
of the taxiway. The exact spacing is influenced
by the physical layout of the taxiways. Taxiway
edge lights are always blue.
Taxiway edge lights
77
_____ is required on curves. Light
fixtures are located not more than ___ from
the edge of full strength pavement surfaces.
The lights cannot extent more than ______
above the pavement surface.
Closer spacing; 10 ft; 30 inches
78
are
in-pavement bidirectional lights placed in
equal intervals over taxiway centerline
markings.
Taxiway centerline lights
79
Taxiway centerline lights are green, except
in areas where the __________ where the green and yellow
lights are placed alternatively.
taxiway intersects with
a runway,
80
______ are
in-pavement lights located on taxiways at
intersections of runways to alert pilots and
operators of airfield ground vehicles that
they are about to enter onto an active
runway.
Runway guard lights (RGLs)
81
are unidirectional, colored yellow for
aircraft facing the runway.
RGLs
82
Similar to runway guard lights, ________ lights are in-pavement lights on taxiways at
intersections with runways
runway stop
bar
83
_________ are designed to act
as “stop” lights, directing aircraft and vehicles on
the taxiway not to enter the runway environment.
runway stop bar lights
84
are activated with red
illuminations during periods of runway occupancy
or other instances where entrance from the
taxiway to the runway is prohibited
Runway stop bar lights
85
are a system of symbols,
lines, and colors found on runways,
taxiways, aprons, and other areas of an
airport.
Airport markings
86
Markings on runways are _____^_. It’s the
same for heliports too, except for hospital
heliports – Hospital heliports have a _____
white; red
“H” (usually on a white cross).
87
There are three types of runways, each with distinct markings.
1. Visual Runway
2. Non-precision Instrument Runway
3. Precision Instrument Runway
88
have no instrument approach procedure available
are marked with a dashed centerline and runway identification number.
VISUAL RUNWAY
89
have at least one non-precision approach available.
often look similar to visual runways but feature threshold and
aiming point markings.
Non-precision runways
90
feature at least
one precision approach aid at either
end of the runway, such as an
Instrument Landing System (ILS).
feature additional
markings to assist pilots in
determining runway distance and
landing areas.
Precision runways
91
consists of a two-digit number, which is the whole number nearest to
one tenth of the magnetic North when viewed from the direction of approach.
runway designator
92
The ______ is
designated with the reciprocal (opposite)
heading
opposite end of the runway
93
feature an additional
letter describing their position; “L,” “C,” or
“R” for “Left,” “Center,” and “Right.”
Parallel runways
94
If there are only ________ runways, only
“L” and “R” are used.
two parallel
95
The ___________ identifies the center of the runway and provides alignment guidance
during takeoff and landings. The centerline consists of a line of uniformly spaced stripes and
gaps.
runway centerline
96
are used as a target on the runway to fly towards. It serves as a
reference to align the aircraft correctly for a safe touchdown. In other words, if you kept flying
on the glideslope and did not flare, you would hit the aiming point markers.
Aiming point markers
97
markers are thin white stripes (aiming point stripes are thick) that
identify the touchdown zone of the runway.
Runway touchdown zone
98
are the least common runway markings. These yellow markings
mark the paved area of a runway that should not be used by aircraft.
Runway shoulder markings
99
is any threshold that is not located at the beginning of the runway. A
___________ is generally used due to obstructions at the beginning of the runway,
such as buildings or trees.
displaced threshold
100
It is important to note that the area behind the displaced threshold can be used for _______ but not ______.
takeoffs; landings
101
This area of the runway is marked with yellow arrows (known as chevrons), and it is not used for
normal operations.
STOPWAY
102
The stop-way (as it is most commonly referred to) serves two main purposes:
To prevent a runway excursion during landing by providing additional tarmac for emergencies.
To provide a clear area for jet and propeller blasts to dissipate.
The stop-way forms part of the runway safety area.
103
It is an area around the runway that has saved several lives since its implementation.
RUNWAY SAFETY AREA (RSA)
104
The is a buffer zone for aircraft when they come up short, go off-center, or go off
____ the end of the runway. The ____ is usually kept clear and obstacle
RSA
105
There are two types of taxiway centerlines:
• Normal Taxiway Centerline:
A single continuous yellow line with a black outline.
• Enhanced Taxiway Centerline
Parallel yellow dashes on either side of the continuous yellow line with black outline.
106
Unlike the runway centerline markings, which are dashed and white, _________ are
solid yellow lines with a black outline.
taxiway centerline markings
107
_________ identify the edges of a taxiway. They are not required and are
generally only used when the paved area used for the taxiway does not correspond to the
designated taxiway
Taxiway edge markings
108
There are two types of taxiway edge markings:
• Continuous Markings:
Continuous taxiway markings consist of two yellow lines, each 6 inches wide and
separated by 6 inches.
• Dashed Markings
Dashed taxiway markings look similar to continuous taxiway markings, but they feature
double yellow lines that are 15 ft long with 25 ft gaps between them.
109
indicate
the paved area of a taxiway that is
not intended for aircraft use. This is
typically the area outside of the
taxiway edge markings.
Taxiway shoulder markings
110
critical areas consist of two yellow solid lines
spaced two feet apart connected by pairs of solid lines spaced ten feet apart
extending across the width of the taxiway as shown.
Holding position markings for ILS
111
For runways, these markings indicate where aircraft MUST STOP when approaching
a runway. They consist of four yellow lines, two solid and two dashed, spaced six or
twelve inches apart, and extending across the width of the taxiway or runway.
BOUNDARY SIGN RUNWAY SAFETY AREA/OFZ RUNWAY APPROACH AREA
112
are used to identify the taxiway or runway on which an aircraft is
located
Location signs
113
are used to indicate the direction of other taxiways leading out of an
intersection. These signs are used as taxiway direction sign (Fig. 8-33) and runway
exit sign. The signs have black inscriptions and borders on a yellow background and
always contain arrows
Direction signs
