ANC 1970s and 1980s

Question 1

Reorganisation under new leader

Answer 1

Oliver Tambo as leader:
- oversee growing number of exiles
- coordinate MK
- raise funds
- set up worldwide ANC offices

Question 2

Weaknesses of ANC with the comrades

Answer 2

• frustations amongst those who left SA to train to fight
• mutinies within the camps
• ## 8 expelled in 1975 for Africanist views

Question 3

ANC visit to Vietnam

Answer 3

Went in 1978 to study guerrilla warfare and use it on urban areas

Question 4

Biggest task of ANC

Answer 4

• To make ANC leader of opposition by gaining international legitimacy

Question 5

Why was gaining legitimacy hard?

Answer 5

African countries not strong enough to give support. Most dependent on South Africa
Close ties to SACP and communism reduced support
Stance on violence was not supported by Western countries, USA/UK saw ANC as terrorist

Question 6

Oliver Tambo background

Answer 6

-Leader of ANC
- Escaped in 1961 and set up headquarters in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Became president from Luthuli in 1967
- Set up offices in London and ANC based in Lusaka (Zambia) from 1967.

Question 7

Zambia and MK

Answer 7

MK also moved to Zambia alongside ANC
- Wankie Campaign 1967: 50 guerilla fighters crossed Zambezi River and moved into Zimbabwe to create a route to SA
- Sipolio 1968: lasted longer but heavy losses

Question 8

Why did ANC and MK leave Zambia?

Answer 8

Pressure from SA in 1969 meant the President, Kuanda, forced MK/ANC to find new bases elsewhere

Question 9

How did Tambo show military strength and what was the impact?

Answer 9

-Supported MPLA against UNITA in Angola in 1983.
- A lack of success and frustation led to mutinies in the camps.

Question 10

What did Chris Hani do?

Answer 10

Led the Wankie Campaign
- Hani memorandum 1969, accused ANC of ‘middle class globe-trotting bureaucrats’

Question 11

How did Tambo respond to resentment at Morogoro?

Answer 11

• Resigned in the Conference but was reelected without opposition.
• Visited camps in Angola and Mozambique in 1983 and 1984

Question 12

Kabwe Conference 1985

Answer 12

Held in Zambia, Tambo issued a code of conduct in procedures and punishments
- Security department of ANC ruthless, using interrogation techniques from Stasi and DDR
- Expelled Africanists set up own rival groups and criticised Tambo.

Question 13

What was Tambo’s international strategy?

Answer 13

Travelled around meeting with representatives explaining the pro-capitalist aims of Apartheid, e.g. met with US businessmen when Reagan as being aggressive
- Justified armed struggle to British House of Commons Committee

Question 14

Response to 1985 state of emergency

Answer 14

Widespread call to make SA ungovernable through non-cooperation. But ANC was too weak militarily.