Negotiation and Compromise Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
How did F.W. De Klerk become President? Election results
A
Botha suffered a stroke in February 1989 so De Klerk took over.
He won with 48% of the white vote, worst ever.
Conservative party had 31.5%
2
Q
What were De Klerk’s views on Botha?
A
- De Klerk was a firm conservative but was critical of Boatha’s reforms
- Immediately reduce military budget and reduced influence of the State Security Council and Joint Management Systems by the end of 1989
3
Q
Why was De Klerk so committed to change?
A
- He had promised to end apartheid with sharing power between various groups
- Continuation of Apartheid hurt Afrikaners the most. The aim of ending English links had been accomplished, and whites were wealthier. However, there was economic weakness and need for a black middle-class.
- fear that violence would spread into white areas
4
Q
What was De Klerk’s ‘New Course’?
A
It was his porgram to negotiate, it reflected:
◦ SA on the verge of a civil war
◦ Continuing economic decline
◦ NP was losing support (House of Assembly 1990 elections, NP 124 to 94 seats, Progressive Fed Party 19 to 33 seats
◦ USA supported decrease due to fall of USSR
◦Influential business groups already talking to the ANC
5
Q
New course and opposition groups
A
It recognised the need to talk to opposition, so ANC, PAC and SACP legalised, long-term prisoners also released, e.g. Sisulu and others released Oct 1989
6
Q
Mandela’s release
A
Released on the 11 Feb 1990 from Victor Verster Prison after 27 years in captivity.
- Had met De Klerk in May 1989, agreed to reach a negotiation.
- Slow walk to freedom with Winnie and his hand held up, televised image of salvation
7
Q
Mandela’s meetings after release
A
- Attended a meeting at Soweto’s FNB Stadium that 120,000 people attended
- visited UK twice due to ANC HQ and AAM
- televised concert in April 1990, audience of 500 million and an 8-minute standing ovation
- Important to meet opponents, so meet Margaret Thatcher in July 1990
8
Q
ANC and election of Mandela as President of ANC
A
- Became acting president when Tambo was ill.
- Formally elected in July 1991. Cyril Ramaphosa, trade unionist, became Secretary General
- Allowed for COSATU and UDF to join ANC, so there were 700,000 members
9
Q
How did the ANC incorporate local authorities?
A
- Tried to gain support from chiefs.
- In CONTRALESA 1987, the ANC contacted those ‘collaborators’to get their support.
- In Transkei 1990, Mandela spoke to 10,000, assuring the chiefs that they would have a role in future gov if they supported
10
Q
What did De Klerk do in the opening of parliament?
A
On February 1990, De Klerk announced the lifting of the ban on political parters and partial removal of the state of emergency. Death penalty and censorship abolished.
- Desmond Tutu said ‘he has taken my breath away’
11
Q
ANC disadvantages politically
A
- ANC had been exiled for so long there wasn’t a formal political organisation with any experienced staff.
- Members participated in violence and was difficult to control
- Winnie Mandela had been treated brutally and became a militant, set up MUFC
12
Q
Slovo background and participation
A
- exiled communist who led MK
- seen by whites as terrorists
- accepted as part of the negotiating team as he had trust of many militant activists.
13
Q
Slovo’s 2 important moves
A
- August 1990, supported ANC renunciation of violence
- supported the ‘Sunset Clause’ in the Declaration of Intent, which guaranteed public servants jobs and pensions.
14
Q
First meeting by representative and ceasefire
A
Met in May 1990 and the ANC agreed to a ceasefire.
Violence continued, as between 1990-93, over 350 black were killed on commuter trains travelling over rival territiories
15
Q
What were the reasons for continued violence?
A
- Africans resorted to violence due to lack of education
- Many Afrikans were suspicious of De Klerk
- Violence with Inkhata and white groups. In 1990, 230 died due to ANC-Inkhata violence.
- Military wing of PAC and the African People’s Liberation Army targetted whites and blacks
16
Q
Who were White Extremists mostly?
A
- Those living in rural areas and in security were against the reforms.
17
Q
White Extremist group
A
- Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) committed bombings, stormed into meeting to try to stop negotiations.
- Led by Eugene Blanche, demanded a White homeland.
- Helped feed 20,000 poor whites in 1991 due to economic struggles.
18
Q
Dismantling Apartheid with measures repealed
A
- Oct 1990, Separate Amenities Act repealed, made segregation of facilities illegal
- In 1991, Population Registration Act and Group Areas Act repealed.
- De Klerk believed change had to be quick to keep trust
19
Q
Why did negotiators have to be careful?
A
- Each group had its own military wing so violence could spread easily
20
Q
When did CODESA 1 start, and what was its aim?
A
- Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) held in December 1991.
- Aim to create a new constitution
- Inkhata, PAC and Conservatives refused to attend. Mandela found it hard to trust De Klerk after Inkhatagate
21
Q
What was achieved in CODESA 1?
A
- Declaration of Intent created.
- committed to a non-racial, gender-inclusive, multi-party democracy
- universal suffrage and proportional representation
- 69% of whites voted in favour of the Declaration in March 1992
22
Q
Why was De Klerk suspicious of the ANC?
A
- The ANC had not stopped Operation Vula, an underground network of spies.
- ANC publicly suspended the armed struggle but was ready to resume if negotiations stopped
23
Q
Attempt by Mandela to stop violence in Natal and the conflict with De Klerk.
A
- Mandela met with Buthelezi in 1991, reached an accord to stop violence in Natal, however neither followed it.
- March 991, 45 killed inn3 days in Alexandra, police killed 12 in East Rand
- Mandela accused De Klerk of supporting Inkhata, increasing violence
24
Q
What did Journalish Daniel Reeds believe?
A
- Stated that South Africa was going through an undeclared civil war. Said as many as 60,000 had died.
- Believed the gov and ANC had lost control of black on black violence
25
What did Historian Saul Dubow believe?
- Believed that the fear of social breakdown encourage negotiations to continue.
26
Who took over after UDF was banned in 1988?
COSATU became the most organised opposition. Within it the National Union of Mineworkers emerged as the largest union, they staged a strike in 1987.
27
Alliance between UDF and COSATU
- This alliance in 1989 became the Mass Democratic Movement and saw itself as a movement rather than an organisation.
- COSATU organised mass stayaways of 2.5-3 million workers in 1988-89
28
MDM Defiance Campaign 1989
- Aimed at stopping desegregation of facilities.
- Protesters presented themselves at white hospital, raided white beaches in Cape Town and white only buses in Pretoria.
- 80,000 marched in Eastern Cape, 23 killed in Cape Town
29
Aim of CODESA 2
- Held in 1992 and aimed to create a working model for the new constitution
30
Initial failure of CODESA 2
- Failed initially as Mandela accused the NP of wanting too much power
- De Klerk has an internal conflict. It was leaked that he refused to listen to suggestion and would announce with no consulting.
31
Issue of structure of governemnt
- The ANC demanded for a centralised state while the National Party wanted a federal solution with different provinces. While Buthelezi wanted more control for homelands
32
Main issue regarding interim-gov and stalemate
- All agreed on a multi-party interim government. But NP believed all should have a veto while the ANC wanted for a majority decisions should be accepted.
- Stelmate on 16th May 1992, aforce to resume due to Clinton.
- Decided on a Multi-Party Negotiating Forum of 11 experts. Creation of the Transitional Executive Council to facilitate the election.
33
Relationship between Mandel and De Klerk
- Sometimes tense and commentators felt 'hostility in the Nobel Peace Prize of 1993
- Worked together for a negotiation, but Mandela stated 'they did not have to like each other to work well together'
- Lower levels, relationship was better, e.g. Cyril Ramaphosa and Roelf Meyer (NP) got on well.
34
What was the Record of Understanding?
Created on 26 September 1992 and was based on:
- release of all political prisoners
- physical restrictions for Zulus living in hostels who were responsibly for Inkhata attacks
- Banning of traditional weapons
35
What were the fears of whites with the new government?
- Concerned about African backlash, with the PAC saying 'one settler, one bullet'
- many feared their jobs, but 'sunset clause' reassured them.
36
What as the Freedom Alliance
A formal alliance between the AWB, Inkhata and Conservatives, but broke after the Bophuthatswana failure.
37
AWB attack on Bophuthatswana.
Impact
- 10 March 1994, 600 AWB members raided Bophuthatswana to reinstate chief Lucas Mangope. They were unorganised and fired randomly
- Quickly round up by Bantustan forces.
- Impact: Conservatives realised and joined the negotiations.
38
Inkhata attack in 1992
- 17 June 1992, Inkhata killed 46 suspected ANC in Boipatong.
- Security did nothing, and Mandela stopped negotiation. He led a 100,000 march outside gov headquarters in Pretoria.
39
ANC conflict in Bisho, Ciskei.
- 7 Sept 1992, 70,000 ANC members marched to Bisho, whose leader wanted to maintain independence. Ciskei forces opened fired killing 30.
40
Death of Chris Hani
- 10 April 1993, MK leader, Chris Hani was murdered by a white extremist. Tensions lowered after the culprit was caught on evidence of a white witness.
- ANC held demonstrations to reduce tensions while De Klerk controlled extremists
41
Set up and aim of the Transitional Executive Council
- Set up September 1993 with the aim of creating a rainbow nation wiith everyone would feel valued.
42
Why did Buthelezi leave the negotiations?
- After the declaration of Intent, De Klerk and Mandela agreed to an agreement themselves, so Inkhata left. Rejoined a few days before the election.
43
Few points of the New Constitution
- 9 provinces, each with its own government.
- universal adult suffrage and proportional representation
- Bill of Rights protected by a constitutional court
- Amends only if 2/3 of popular votes.
- Vice-president could come from any party over 20% of votes.
- Party with over 5% of votes had a minister
- Al property protected
- Independent judiciary to prevent abuses of power
44
Election results
- Held on 27 April 1994
- ANC won with 62.5% of votes
- NP won 20.5% of votes, and De Klerk vice-president
- Inkhata won 10.5% votes, Buthelezi became ministr
- PAC only 1.25% votes
45
What was the Truth and Reconciliation Committee
Set up by Desmond Tutu in 1996 to investigate wrongdoing on both sides.
46
International Recognition of elections
- Representatives of 170 nations attend Mandela's inauguration. He became a world elder statesman.
