Aggression and Violence

Question 1

Agression

Answer 1

Behavior consisting in: – Delivering noxious stimuli to another person – Attempting to harm another who wishes to avoid being harmed – Increasing one’s position in a dominance hierarchy

Question 2

Continuum of violence

Answer 2

Includes assertiveness and violence - Calm - Verbally agitated - Verbally hostile - Verbally threatening - Physically threatening - Physically violent

Question 3

Frustration-aggression theory

Answer 3

AGG as a reaction to frustration

Question 4

Stimulus-response (S-R) theory

Answer 4

AGG is acquired bhrv to harm in order to achieve goals

Question 5

Social learning theory of aggression

Answer 5

Children are motivated to imitate behavior through observation, modeling, reinforcement and punishment -Bobo doll experiment

Question 6

Evolutionary perspective of aggression

Answer 6

• Aggression is a fundamental aspect of human behavior - Aggression as a adaptive behavior for ancestors but not today

Question 7

Dimensions of aggression

Answer 7

• Intensity (Mild or strong) - Motivational sequence (Initiative/Pro active/Reactive) - Direction (Direct or indirect) - Modes (Physical/Verbal/Facial/etc) - Most not very useful to differentiate

Question 8

For qualitative characteristics of aggression

Answer 8

1. Proactive direct 2. Proactive indirect 3. Reactive direct 4. Reactive indirect

Question 9

Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social development (JYLS)

Answer 9

• Used Parental, teacher and self-report Prospective longitudinal study - Looked at direct pro activeAnd reactive aggression - In the boys of the same size, smaller boys, girls, taller boys, adults - Most aggressive groups were high Proactive progressive children - Boys We’re more pro active aggressive

Question 10

JYLS Predictive Aspects

Answer 10

• Behavior That is against the norm Along with poor school success is more predictive of future criminal offenses and aggression - Low self-regulation without aggression projects criminal offense

Question 11

JYLS Childhood and adult agression

Answer 11

Not significantly Associated unless in boys - Highly aggressive across time - Continuity present in US especially in low SES families - Childhood aggression predicts criminal offense, Unless reactive without proactive - Linked with parental attitudes

Question 12

Montréal Longitudinal experimental study (MLES)

Answer 12

• Used Parental, teacher and self-report Peak of aggression coincides with motor development and socialization with age - Aggression usually emerges around two years old

Question 13

Origins of aggression

Answer 13

Starts with maternal behavior - Young motherhood, Maternal problems, low education, Single parenting, property, Exposure to nicotine - For marital relationship and maternal depression jury first six months By adolescents easy to see chronic physical aggression group

Question 14

Repercussions of aggression

Answer 14

• 3.3% of people with chronic aggression have a high school diploma - Highest record of infractions - Substance use disorder - Early sexual relationships - Depression - Unemployment in poverty - Violence

Question 15

Violence

Answer 15

Behavior intended to cause an that actually causes injury - Most important offenses are homicide, assault, And rape - Violence is a consequence of aggression

Question 16

Violence from the clinical perspective

Answer 16

Aggression and violence are manifested in various disorders - Intimate to explosive disorder, Conduct disorder, Antisocial personality disorder, Disruptive mood this regulation disorder - It’s Not a disordered self

Question 17

Cambridge study in delinquent development (CSDD)

Answer 17

Use criminal and self-report - Followed into adulthood - 45% of boys started a physical fight or use the weapon at age 15 to 18 years - Violent offenses peakAt 10%At age 15 to 18 years oldAnd lower throughout adulthood until mid-40s

Question 18

Pittsburgh youth study (PYS)

Answer 18

Use criminal and self-report - Violent offenses peek at 11% at 18 to 19 years old, Reduce until Mid 20s

Question 19

Violence Versatility vs. Specialization

Answer 19

Versatility: As soon as the act of violence, could be any type - Violent offenders 10 to be versatile more Then specialized - But are higher risk to perform the same behavior

Question 20

Probability of violent offenses

Answer 20

Increases with every offense - 1: 10% - 2-3: 37% - 4 - 10: 63% 10+: 78%

Question 21

Habitability of aggression and violent behavior

Answer 21

40 to 50% Heritability according to twin studies -

Question 22

Animal research in aggression and violence

Answer 22

Higher aggression found with lower serotonin in prefrontal cortex and in cerebral spinal fluid - Looked at particular disorders and not aggression itself MLES: Low serotonin synthesis found in orbitofrontal cortex - Hi methylation of serotonin transporter gene

Question 23

MAOA & AGG & VIO

Answer 23

-MAOA Is the enzyme breaking down serotonin and dopamine - Lower MAOA Activity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampusRelated to more antisocial behavior - Especially when interactionWith childhood maltreatment - Study difficult to repeat

Question 24

COMT & AGG and VIO

Answer 24

The enzyme breaking down dopamine and norepinephrine - Low functioning enzymeWith child abuseCauses more anger aggression and antisocial behavior - High functioning enzyme also lead to negative behavioral outcomes

Question 25

Phineas Gage

Answer 25

Frontal lobe damage - Personality and behavioral changes - Became socially deviant - Give rise to dysfunctional frontal little hypothesis

Question 26

brain morphology in Highly aggressive individuals

Answer 26

- Lower gray matter volume In prefrontal cortex, ACC and AMY - Lower resting state in prefrontal cortex - Lower activity drain angry memories and area processing in PFC, ACC, AMY All causes lowered inhibition of impulses

Question 27

Explanation of brain parts involved

Answer 27

Anterior Cingular cortex - Affect, Selective attention and social interaction Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortex - Motivation and executor functioning Amygdala - Emotional stress and learning Hippocampus - Learning and memory

Question 28

Under arousal hypothesis for aggression

Answer 28

- Low-level of Baseline arousal - Experience negative affect any more stimulation

Question 29

The dark triad of personality

Answer 29

All disregard how others feel and think, Have excessive self-love, Are impulsive, Lack of remorse or empathy, Emotionally cold 1. Psychopathy - Impulsive - Emotionally cold - Remorseless 2. Machiavellism - Manipulative - Self interested - Domineering 3. Narcissism (Aggressive especially after Eagle threat) - Grandiosity - Entitlement - Perceived superiority

Question 30

Cognitive biases related to aggression

Answer 30

- Hostile attribution bias - Hostile perceptive bias - Hostile expectation bias

Question 31

Hyperactivity and aggression

Answer 31

Individuals with high Hyperactivity Make it lower school attainment and be at high risk for violent offenders

Question 32

General theory of crime (Self control theory)

Answer 32

Assumes that any individual is motivated to pursue self interest - Hi self-control people are low criminal offending, vice versa - Early life parents child attachment and socializationIs a important personal control

Question 33

Social risk factors for aggression and violence

Answer 33

- Low parental education - Parental discord - Poor parental supervision - Hi family size - Low parental affection - Harsh childrearing - Parental antisocial behavior

Question 34

Intergenerational transmission of violence

Answer 34

- Higher risk for violence is have Convicted mother or father - Only poor supervision significant At family level

Question 35

Trauma theory

Answer 35

Tries to explain link between disrupted families and violence - Damaging effect of loss of a parent

Question 36

Life course theory

Answer 36

Tries to explain link between disrupted families and violence - Separation from parent, Any instance - Causes a sequence stressful experiences - Harsh discipline is one of the highest predictors of aggression and violenceAnd even more with broken families

Question 37

Low SES and violence

Answer 37

- Could be mediated by socialization practices - Large family sizeCan reduce the amount of parental attention, Can cause overcrowding related conflict

Question 38

Factors for low violence

Answer 38

- High academic achievement - Older mother - Low hyperactivity - low physical punishment - Good Parental supervision Interactive effect: Good child-rearing practices is protective over other factors

Question 39

Deviant here affiliation

Answer 39

Aggressive children tend to associate with other aggressive peers - Corset or uninvolved parenting in early life can causeDeviant peer association which causes delinquency

Question 40

Dual risk or diathesis stress model

Answer 40

Individuals have inherited tendencies to express certain behaviors - These tendencies could be activated under conditions of stress - Not voice activated if They have no stress or high coping mechanisms

Question 41

Differential susceptibility theory

Answer 41

Hi biological reactivity Maybe a adaptive or maladaptive depending on social context - Aggressive individuals have a great oversensitivity to environmental influences whether good or bad An interactive approach

Question 42

Contrast between dual risk and differential susceptibility theory

Answer 42

Question 43

Study comparing diathesis stress And Differential Susceptibility

Answer 43

looked at COMT gene x neg life event on childhood AGG - 4-6 years old With those with polymorphism, The more the the serious life eventsThe more aggression, But not with those with the normal

Question 44

Early intervention

Answer 44

- Focus on pregnancy and postnatal - Sometimes in childhood

Question 45

Cognitive behavioral skill training program

Answer 45

Intervention in middle childhood - Focuses on risk factors, Like high impulsivity, low empathy, height hyperactivity, hyperacidity - Programs like stop now and plan program Teach kids coping strategies - Peer and big brother programs are also very

Question 46

Preschool programs for interventionFor vicinity

Answer 46

- Risk factor base, Like low intelligence for school failure Perry preschool project - Looks like disadvantaged others - Randomized studies - Daily preschool session and we clean home visit, Intellectual stimulation - Long term benefit including college trainingMore homeowners more to be married in less arrested

Question 47

Family programs for violence intervention

Answer 47

- Risk factor based - Poor parental supervision or inconsistent discipline Home visits - For prenatal and postnatal - Parent training in early childhood - Teach children management skills Multiple component programIn childhood and adolescence - Combined programs, even school intervention - 25% act aggressively or on versus 71%