Desire to achieve + succeed to fulfill physiological + psychological needs. = Directs behaviour. Can be: - Intrinsic = Motivation from within - Shows itself as a feeling of pride and satisfaction once task is complete - Extrinsic = Comes from an external source - Can be presented as tangible or intangible rewards

Aggression & Motivation Flashcards by Holly Tomlinson

Define aggression

Generally the intention to harm outside the laws of the sport

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What are the 3 types of aggression

Hostile

Instrumental / Channelled

Assertive

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TYPE OF AGGRESSION

Define hostile aggression

Primary intention to harm

Inflicted w/ anger

Outside of rules

i.e Spear tackle in rugby

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TYPE OF AGGRESSION

Define instrumental / channeled aggression

Behaviour clearly likely to cause harm but intention to achieve a different aim

No anger

Outside of rules

i.e Prevent opposition from scoring a goal

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TYPE OF AGGRESSION

Define assertive behaviour

No intention to harm

Legitimate force

Within rules

i.e rushing the net in tennis

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What is the relationship between aggression and assertion

Frustration ⬆️ = aggression

⬇️ Frustration + control = assertion

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What are the 4 theories of aggression

Instinct theories

Social Learning theory

Frustration - Aggression theory

Aggressive cue theory

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THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

Explain instinct theories

Aggression is INNATE, a trait of violence in everyone.

Aggressive energy constantly builds
up.

Needs to be released, sport is a good outlet and acts as catharsis

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THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

What are the arguments against instinct theories

Levels of aggression tend to ⬆️ when playing sport that may not be displayed outside of sport

Aggression differs between cultures

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THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

Explain social learning theory

Aggression is learned by observing others or by social reinforcement

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THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

Explain Frustration - Aggression theory

Frustration leads to aggression

Anger, hostility and violence are always the outcome when we are prevented from achieving our goals. …

Our attempt to achieve a goal is blocked by some external factor, which results in frustration. This creates an aggression drive, which leads to aggressive behaviour.

This hypothesis suggests that aggression is inevitable when goals are blocked and the performer becomes frustrated. It proposes that:
■ frustrationleadstoaggression
■ thereleaseofaggressioncanlowertheleveloffrustration
■ ifaggressionisnotreleasedorispunished,furtherfrustrationcan
lead to further aggression
■ forexample,ifafootballeriscontinuallypreventedfrom
achieving their goal to cross a ball, they may become frustrated and aggressive

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Define frustration

Blocking of a goal-oriented behaviour, causing drive to be aggressive towards source of frustration.

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THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

What are the arguments against frustration-aggression theory

Frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression

Doesn’t account for situational factors

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THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

Explain Aggressive Cue theory

Frustration causes arousal; arousal produces a ‘heightened state’ which can boil over due to cues
in the environment; sport-related aggressive cues include objects, sport, people and places

associated with aggression, frustration builds but aggression only released when socially desirable
cue present for example ref can’t see you/coach encourages you to be aggressive.

i.e

Aggression-related ACTIVITY – Rugby
Aggression-related PEOPLE – specific player, coach or fan
Aggression-related PLACES – a pitch where an aggressive incident had occurred previously

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Give 5 causes to aggression

Hostile crowd

Type of sport - i.e contact

Biased officiating

Score - facing defeat

Importance of game

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List 4 ways in which aggression can be controlled externally

Punishment

Withdraw violent players

Emphasis on +ive role models

Reinforcement of non-aggressive behaviour

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List 4 ways in which aggression can be controlled internally

Stress Management techniques

Withdraw self from situation

Performance goals

Change attitude

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List 2 specific strategies a referee can use to reduce aggression

Apply rules correctly, consistently using authority and control.

Punish aggressive behaviour

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Define motivation

Desire to achieve + succeed to fulfill physiological + psychological needs.

= Directs behaviour.

Can be:

Intrinsic = Motivation from within - Shows itself as a feeling of pride and satisfaction once task is complete
Extrinsic = Comes from an external source - Can be presented as tangible or intangible rewards

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Difference between intangible and tangible rewards

Tangible = Physical or can be touched
i.e Badges, trophies, money…

Intangible = Non physical
i.e Praise
Applause
National recognition

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Who concluded that adding an external reward can undermine and replace any intrinsic motivation present

Deci in 1971

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Which type of motivation is better

Intrinsic as it’s stronger and longer lasting

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List 4 disadvantages of too much extrinsic motivation

May lead to loss of intrinsic mot/loss of love of the game

May become dependent on it

Too much pressure could lead to cheating

Removal of extrinsic reward may lead to loss of motivation

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What are the 4 main motives as to why people participate in sport and exercise

Physical well being

Psychological well being

Improvement of performance

Assertive achievement (completing personal challenges)

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List 5 strategies to maintain intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Make activity fun Point out health benefits Breaking skill down into parts to allow success on each part Setting achievable goals Use +ive feedback to inspire + correct errors

How can goal setting affect performance?

By directing attention - focus Regulating amount of effort that is put into the task - practise is planned + structured By ensuring effort is sustained until the goal is reached Motivating

List the 6 types of goals

Outcome Performance Process-orientated Long-term Intermediate Short-term

Define outcome goals

End result i.e winning a gold medal

Define performance goals

Comparison w/ previous performances. Believed to be most effective in controlling anxiety + maintaining motivation. i.e PB

Define process-orientated goals

How to become successful i.e master short corner routine in order to win league

Define long term goals

1 year? Achieving this is a progressive process made up of intermediate + short term goals

Define intermediate goals

3 months?

Define short term goals

Provide reasonably quick success which can build confidence assisting in achieving the long term goal

What must goals be

SMART MEASURABLE AGREED REALISTIC TIME-PHASED

How can the coach help the performer commit to goals? (4)

Rewards for progress Being supportive Regular feedback Explain reasons for goal setting

Define achievement motivation and who's theory was it?

Individuals drive to achieve success for own sake. Seen as a personality trait. Calculated by: Desire to succeed - fear of failure Atkinson's theory - 1974

What 2 factors did Atkinson propose that affect a persons level of achievement motivation?

Personality of Performer Situational factors

Explain what Atkinson meant about personality of performer factors?

That within our personality we have: - the need to achieve (NACH) - the need to avoid failure (NAF)

Define someone who has a NACH personality

Motivated to achieve success for feelings of pride + satisfaction

Define someone who has a NAF personality

Motivated to avoid failure in order not to experience feelings of shame of humiliation

List 4 characteristics to someone who has a NACH personality

Persists for longer Completes tasks efficiently and quickly Willing to take risks Values feedback

List 4 characteristics of someone who has a NAF personality

Avoids challenges Gives up easily Dislikes feedback Dislikes 50:50 situations

Explain what Atkinson meant about situational factors

Claims that performer assesses task difficulty and the incentive value of success

What motivation types do high achievers in sport tend to have?

High levels of NACH Low levels of NAF

What motivation types do low achievers in sport tend to have?

Low levels of NACH High levels of NAF

How can a coach increase NACH behaviour? (4)

+ive reinforcement to ⬆️ feelings of pride setting tasks that have a choice of difficulty Focusing any -ive feedback on effort rather than ability ⬆️ task difficulty as self esteem improves

Give a sporting example to NAF behaviour

Goal shooter who only shoots close to the post in netball

Give a sporting example to NACH behaviour

Tennis player who attempts to serve an ace on their second serve when they are a break point down

What did Martens propose in sports is the motive to achieve success + motive to avoid failure

Competitive trait anxiety Competitiveness

Define Competitive trait anxiety

Tendency to see competitive situations as threatening + to respond w/ feelings of tension

Define Competitiveness

Motive to approach success in sport competition.

What were the 3 dimensions in the Sport orientation questionnaire to measure competitiveness

Competitiveness Win orientation Goal orientation

Define win orientation

Desire to win interpersonal competitive sporting events

Define goal orientation

Desire to reach personal goals in sport

Who proposed that the Achievement Motivation develops in 3 stages? What are they?

Veroff in 1969 1. Autonomous competence stage 2. Social comparison stage 3. Integrated stage

Define the autonomous competence stage

Up to 5 years old Concerned on mastering skills Rarely compare to others Set their own goals

Define the social comparison stage

From 6 Yeats old Like to progress if they enjoy competition + use fb Gained

Define the integrated stage

No fixed age as depends on maturation Reached when internal + external standards are used to evaluate performance

What are the 4C's of mental preparation for goal setting?

Confidence Control Concentration Commitment

4C's of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING Explain confidence

Self belief in own ability. i.e 5000m runner being confident that they have completed enough training to win their race.

4C's of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING Explain control

Control or arousal + anxiety when put under pressure. i.e 5000m runner needs to stay in control when they find themselves 'boxed in' w/ 1 lap remaining in order for them to win the race.

4C's of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING Explain concentration

Focused attention to become absorbed in competition. Directing their attention to the right cues to perform well. i.e 5000m runner needs to conc. on no. of laps they have left.

4C's of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING Explain commitment

Motivation + adherence i.e 5000m runner committing to long training sessions.

Aggression & Motivation Flashcards

(63 cards)