Stress, Arousal & Anxiety Flashcards by Holly Tomlinson

Q

Define arousal

A

Mental and physical state of alertness or readiness to perform.

Ranging on a continuum from deep sleep to intense excitement.

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Q

List 4 factors in sport that can affect arousal levels

A

Level of competition

Crowds

Not playing well

Bad referee

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Q

When does an increase in arousal help performer?

A

increases energy

Helps an autonomous performer(expert)

Helps simple/gross skills

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Q

When does an increase in arousal hinder performance?

A

Complex / fine skills

Cognitive performer

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Q

List the 4 theories of arousal

A

Hull’s drive theory

Inverted u theory

Catastrophe theory

ZOF theory

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Q

Explain Hulls drive theory

A

Linear relationship between increasing arousal and level of performance.

⬆️ arousal = ⬆️ likelihood of the DOMINANT RESPONSE occurring:

Cog. perf. = incorrect = mistakes

Aut. perf. = correct = fewer mistakes

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Q

List 3 criticisms to Hulls drive theory

A

Doesn’t take into account the mistakes top class performers may make

Doesn’t take into account personality

Fails to recognise the different optimum levels of arousal needed for different skills

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Q

Explain the inverted u theory

A

Performance improves with arousal up to the optimal point. Past this an ⬆️ in arousal =⬇️ in performance

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Q

What are the symptoms of under arousal

A

Physiological - little adrenaline + low HR

Cognitive - Lack of focus

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Q

What are the symptoms of moderate arousal

A

Good selective attention and concentration

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Q

What are the symptoms of over arousal

A

Physiological - Tension, shaking, ⬆️ in HR

Cognitive - Lack of focus

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Q

Good points to the inverted u-theory

A

Flexible for different skills and personalities

Recognises under and over arousal problems

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Q

Negatives to the inverted u theory

A

When arousal is too high there’s not always a gradual drop in performance, some times theres a steep drop

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Q

What can the optimal level of arousal differ according to

A

Type of activity

Skill level of performer

Personality of performer

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Q

What controls and measures the levels of adrenaline in the body guiding as to whether a person is an extrovert or introvert?

A

the reticular activating system

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Q

Explain the catastrophe theory

A

Suggests that increased arousal causes a peak in performance at the OLA.

Notices that performance doesn’t always decline gradually after the OLA has been reached. Instead a dramatic decline can occur = CATASTROPHE

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Q

When might the performance gradually decline in the catastrophe theory?

A

If the performer has low levels of cognitive state anxiety and somatic anxiety.

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Q

Give examples of somatic anxiety

A

Sweating, butterflies and an increase in HR

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Q

When might the performance drop in the catastrophe theory?

A

If the performer has high levels of arousal, cognitive and somatic anxiety.

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Q

Explain Zone of Optimal functioning arousal theory

A

ZOF = An energised and controlled frame of mind that is focused on the task.

Associated w/ top level athletes who have perfect anxiety control measures.

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Q

What can the ZOF alter depending on

A

Type of skill

Level of performance

Personality

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Q

What can being in the ZOF lead to

A

Peak flow experience

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Q

Define peak flow experience

A

Clear goals

Totally focused

Effortless movement

Ability to complete challenge successfully

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Q

List 5 factors that affect peak flow experience

A

injury

Fatigue

negative self talk

Lack of challenge

Crowd hostility

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Define anxiety

negatively emotional state caused by a threatening situation

List the 6 types of anxiety

somatic cognitive trait state competitive state competitive trait

Define somatic anxiety

Physiological responses Prior to comp = Low but rise quickly immediately b4 performance. During comp = tends to ⬇️

Define cognitive anxiety

Psychological responses and worries of their ability to complete the task. Prior to comp = High + will remain high immediately before the start of a major comp. During comp = Fluctuates depending on success/failure in performance

Define trait anxiety

Trait within an individual that determines their potential to react with apprehension.

What does it mean if someone easily becomes anxious?

They have high trait anxiety (A-trait)

Define state anxiety

Anxiety felt in a particular situation made up of somatic and cognitive anxiety Linked to performers mood A-state anxiety

Define competitive state anxiety

Anxiety levels when in a specific competitive sporting situation

Define competitive trait anxiety

Tendency to see competitive situations as threatening and to respond with feelings of anxiety in comprehensive situations.

How long is competitive state anxiety

temporary

What are the 2 forms of stress

Eustress Distress

Define eustress

Positive type of stress that can: ⬆️ focus, attention and skill level

Define distress

Negative type of stress and in extreme cases causes anxiety and apprehension. Tends to be detrimental to sporting performance

Define stressors

Factors that cause stress therefore start the stress process

What does stressors effect depend on

How the individual perceives them in relation to their own ability and personality If stressor is bigger than ability = Anxiety

List 4 sport specific stressors

Competition Frustration Personal - High A-trait Physiological - putting body under strain

What is the stress process

1. Demands of situation 2. Athlete's perception of demands 3. ⬆️ arousal 4. Outcome

What can the athletes perception of the demands (step 2 of stress process) be?

Positive (challenging) -- ⬆️ motivation and energy --- ⬆️ levels of performance Negative (Threatening) -- ⬆️anxiety --- ⬇️ level of performance

What term is used for responding to stress

General adaptation syndrome : 1. Alarm reaction stage 2. Resistance stage 3. Exhaustion/collapse state

Explain the alarm reaction stage

'Fight or flight' Sympathetic nervous system is activate = ⬆️ HR, blood sugar, BP and adrenaline

Explain the resistance stage

If stress continues, body will revert to normal levels due to homeostasis.

Explain the exhaustion/collapse stage

Adrenal cortex fails after continued stress = ulcers, high BP and extreme cases - death

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What are the 2 types of imagery?

External and internal

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

How can imagery be improved

Practise ⬆️ detail Positivity

How can goal setting reduce cognitive anxiety

By directing attention to ensure learning is focused.

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What 3 ways can you control cognitive anxiety?

Imagery/mental rehearsal Positive self talk Goal setting

What are the 3 ways of controlling somatic anxiety

Progressive Muscle relaxation (PMR) Centring/Breathing control Bio feedback

Explain progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)

Often combined with effective breathing control contracting + holding + relaxing muscle groups

Explain centring/breathing control

Maintaining steady breathing rate Aims to keep you in the present, refocusing concentration

Explain bio feedback

Measuring of changing physiology responses

Define social facilitation

Influence of the presence of others. Zajonc 1965

Factors determine whether social facilitation has a positive or negative effect

Ability Task Personality

What were the 4 different types of audience found in sport?

Passive: - Audience - Co-actors Interactive: - Competitors - Social reinforcers/supporters

Describe passive audience

Passive spectators who observe and make no comments but cause pressure. i.e snooker audience

Describe passive co-actors

People doing the same things at the same time without competition i.e someone running next to you on the treadmill.

Describe interactive competitiors

In direct competition with others i.e Tour de france

Describe interactive social reinforcers/supporters

People who have influence i.e coach, manager, parents...

Define social inhibition

-ive effect of the presence of others on performance

Define social facilitation

+ive effect of the presence of others on performance

Describe the effects of a cognitive performer being watched

⬆️ arousal ⬆️ anxiety Dominant response = incorrect ⬇️ performance SOCIAL INHIBITION

Describe the effects of an autonomous performer being watched

⬆️ arousal Dominant response = correct ⬆️ performance SOCIAL FACILITATION

Describe the effects of a performer carrying out a complex skill and being watched

Stress due to presence of others can -ively affect information processing. SOCIAL INHIBITION

Describe the effects of a performer carrying out a simple skill and being watched

Presence of others helps SOCIAL FACILITATION

Define Evaluation Apprehension

Cottrell, 1968 It's not just the presence of others that creates arousal but when they perceive they are being evaluated.

What affect does evaluation apprehension have on an autonomous performer

They tend to perform well when being evaluated

What affect does evaluation apprehension have on a cognitive performer

Tends to perform poorly

Define Baron's distraction conflict theory

1986 The conflict of attending demands of the task and attending the demands of the distractor which ⬆️ arousal = Auto / gross / simple / extrovert = ⬆️ performance Cog / fine / complex / introvert = ⬇️ performance

Define the self presentation theory

Concerns motivations to behave based on how others evaluate and their knowledge of your behaviour. PLEASING AUDIENCE - i.e behave differently at a church than when playing sport. SELF CONSTRUCTION - i.e matching your self presentation to your own ideal of yourself.

List all the theories of social facilitation

Zajoncs model Evaluation apprehension Barons distraction conflict theory Self-presentation theory Home field advantage

Agreements to home field advantage

Larger + proximity of home crowd has -ive effect on visiting team Away team has travelled so could be tired. Familiarity of surroundings = more confident Home support = ⬆️ performance

Disagreements to home field advantage

⬆️ pressure to perform from home crowd Performers can become more self-conscious at home = over-arousal Evaluation apprehension for home team Players place more pressure on themselves due to expectations

List 4 strategies to combatting social inhibition

Stress management techniques Familiarisation by training infront of others Improving focus and concentration Encourage support of teammates