Aging

Question 1

Gerentologists consider successful aging to include:

Answer 1

physical health
spirituality
emotional and educational health
social satisfaction

Question 2

primary aging goal

Answer 2

vitality, not longevity

Question 3

Primary aging

Answer 3

Normal passage of time

Question 4

Secondary aging

Answer 4

secondary to environment; disease and nutrition

Question 5

US Children and teenagers:
Between 12-21 how many do not take part in vigorous exercise regularly

Answer 5

About one half

Question 6

US Children and teenagers:
How many report no recent physical activity

Answer 6

14%

Question 7

US Children and teenagers:
how many engage in light to moderate physical activity every day

Answer 7

25%

Question 8

Correlation between physical activity and school grade level?

Answer 8

Participation in all types of physical activity declines strikingly with increasing age and school grade

Question 9

Theories of aging

Answer 9

genetic
nongenetic

Question 10

Genetic aging

Answer 10

cell aging is intrinsic to the cell

Question 11

Nongenetic aging

Answer 11

free radicals
autoimmune

Question 12

Biological aging

Answer 12

changes of various bio and physiological processes that occur with time

Question 13

Chronological aging

Answer 13

birth date define’s one age

Question 14

Psychological aging

Answer 14

Changes occur over lifespan in sensory function, perception, memory, learning at various stages

Question 15

Sociological aging

Answer 15

changing roles within social system

Question 16

Membrane during aging

Answer 16

Changes in fluidity of lipid layer
(lipid-protein-lipid layer ratio and enzymes that cross the membrane change)

Question 17

What are some results of membrane changes?

Answer 17

changes in transport, excitability, responsiveness

Question 18

Implications of biological changes

Answer 18

Medications to treat these issues have a wide range of side effects depending on age

Question 19

Endoplasmic reticulum during aging

Answer 19

protein synthesis and lipid metabolism may change, impacting healing

Question 20

Mitochondria during aging

Answer 20

decrease in # and loss of enzyme content
impacts energy

Question 21

Nucleus during aging

Answer 21

decrease in blood supply and metabolism
change in shape

Question 22

age related loss of muscle mass

Answer 22

sarcopenia

Question 23

Physiological changes of muscle during aging

Answer 23

muscle atrophy from age 50-70 is about 15% per decade
increase in adipose and fibrous tissue in muscle
decrease in fluid content/increased ground substance(ROM decreased)

Question 24

motor unit remodeling

Answer 24

represents a normal, continuous process that involves motor endplate repair and reconstruction

Question 25

Primary cause of reduced strength occurs during

Answer 25

ages 25 and 80 with a 40-50% reduction in mass

Question 26

Men and women attain highest strength between ages:

Answer 26

20-40

Question 27

Which type of strength declines first and more rapid

Answer 27

concentric first, more rapidly at middle age

Question 28

Which extremity strength deteriorates more slowly?

Answer 28

Arm strength deteriorates more slowly than leg strength

Question 29

Which declines faster: Power capacity or maximal strength?

Answer 29

power capacity

Question 30

Which type of fibers are lost more?

Answer 30

Type II, from health issues besides aging such as CHF, DM, and CA

Question 31

Which fibers are more susceptible to inactivity and denervation-induced atrophy

Answer 31

Type I

Question 32

Losing which type of fibers puts you at a greater fall risk?

Answer 32

Type II

Question 33

Satellite cells during aging

Answer 33

Lower in # Less response to injury healing

Question 34

Neuromuscular junction during aging: Reduction of dihydropyridine

Answer 34

reduction in these receptors are needed for CA release at SR, leading to delayed reaction time, force production, and strength

Question 35

Osteoporosis is characterized by:

Answer 35

low bone mass microarchitectural deterioration of bone Susceptibility to fracture

Question 36

Areas most susceptible to pathological fracture:

Answer 36

femoral neck and lumbar spine

Question 37

Joints, Ligaments, Tendons and aging: Cartilage

Answer 37

dehydration and calcification

Question 38

Joints, Ligaments, Tendons and aging: Joint fluids

Answer 38

decrease in volume can feel/hear crepitus

Question 39

Joints, Ligaments, Tendons and aging: Joint surfaces

Answer 39

become uneven, and joint osteophytes form

Question 40

Ligaments & Tendons and aging:

Answer 40

decreased elastin (more brittle) Collagen-protein bonds become more difficult to break (adhesions more common) Increase passive tension/decreased ROM

Question 41

Overall results of changes to MS system

Answer 41

hypokinesis postural changes decreased gait

Question 42

Neural Function during aging

Answer 42

40% decline in spinal cord axon number 10% decline in nerve conduction velocity

Question 43

Neurological System and aging: Weight of the brain

Answer 43

decreases from age 20-90 by 10-20% with greater loss in basal ganglia (smoothness) and cerebellum (balance)

Question 44

Neurological System and aging: Peripheral/central neurons

Answer 44

decreased dendrites decreased blood flow decreased NCV decreased reflexes

Question 45

Neurological System and aging: Changes cont.

Answer 45

Pain Learning Proprioreception Vestibular System Sensory system and perception

Question 46

Cardiopulmonary system and aging: Arteries

Answer 46

Calcification and thickening LV hypertrophy and weakness increases in BP

Question 47

Cardiopulmonary system and aging: HR

Answer 47

Max HR decreases w/ age may be due to SA node cells and decrease in neurotransmitters (NE, E)

Question 48

Cardiopulmonary system and aging: SV

Answer 48

decreases due to effects of changes in ventricles (LV hypertrophy)

Question 49

Cardiopulmonary system and aging: CO and VO2

Answer 49

decrease

Question 50

Cardiopulmonary system and aging: lung compliance

Answer 50

increased lung compliance that leads to increased residual volume changes the resting length tension of the diaphragm, causing reliance of accessory muscles to breathe

Question 51

Cardiopulmonary system and aging: chest wall expansion

Answer 51

reduced chest wall expansion due to postural changes

Question 52

Reliance

Answer 52

rely more of rate rather than volume, increasing EE during breathing

Question 53

Other physiological changes from aging

Answer 53

decreased sweating and BMR

Question 54

Genitourinary and aging

Answer 54

female-menopause males-decrease in circulating test and fertility decreased nephrons

Question 55

Integumentary and aging

Answer 55

skin is thinner and more fragile, more susceptible to decubiti

Question 56

GI and aging

Answer 56

slowed function (constipation, can lead to CVA from pushing)

Question 57

Developmental theory of aging

Answer 57

states aging starts at mvmt of conception

Question 58

Disengagement theory

Answer 58

Resources decline and interest declines to prepare for death

Question 59

Activity theory

Answer 59

wisdom of years should be revered and utilized believed by most geriatrics

Question 60

Appropriate dose of exercise for elderly pts

Answer 60

80% of 1RM Do not focus on eccentric contractions (DOMS may be offputting)

Question 61

SeDS

Answer 61

sedentary death syndrome threat of chronic diseases from physical inactivity

Question 62

Physical Activity Guidelines to combat SeDS: Preschool aged children (3-5y)

Question 63

Physical Activity Guidelines to combat SeDS: Children and adolescents (6-17y)

Question 64

Physical Activity Guidelines to combat SeDS: Adults (18-65y)

Question 65

Physical Activity Guidelines to combat SeDS: Older adults (65+y)