Aircraft Systems Pt. 1

Question 1

This is made up of supporting structural members that resists deformation by applied loads

Answer 1

Truss Type

Question 2

These are lengths of tubing that are wielded in place to form the framework

Answer 2

Longerons

Question 3

This uses stressed skin to support all imposed loads

Answer 3

Monocoque Type

Question 4

This uses a substructure to which the airplane’s skin is attached

Answer 4

Semi-Monocoque Type

Question 5

What does the bulkheads and stringers do for the semi-monocoque type structure?

Answer 5

It reinforces the stressed skin by taking some of the bending stress from fuselage

Question 6

This is a combination of materials that are mixed to achieve specific structural properties

Answer 6

Composite Type

Question 7

What are the materials used for composite type?

Answer 7

Fiberglass, carbon fiber cloth, kevlar cloth, and mixtures of all

Question 8

What is the “glue” that holds the fibers together and when curved gives the part its shape

Answer 8

Matrix

Question 9

What are the two control surfaces found on the wing?

Answer 9

Ailerons and flaps

Question 10

This controls the roll about the longitudinal axis

Answer 10

Ailerons

Question 11

This increases both lift and induced drag for any given AOA

Answer 11

Flaps

Question 12

This has an antiservo tab extending across their trailing edge

Answer 12

Stabilator

Question 13

These accepts and transmit shocks to the airplane at an acceptable rate

Answer 13

Spring Steel and Bungee Cord struts

Question 14

This absorbs pressure rapidly and then slowly releases it

Answer 14

Oleo Strut

Question 15

What does Oleo Strut houses in its enclosed cylinder?

Answer 15

Piston, Oil and Air

Question 16

This pertains to the ability of where we can apply varying degrees of pressure on each brake independent of each other

Answer 16

Differential Breaking

Question 17

What is differential breaking used for?

Answer 17

Used for steering during ground operations

Question 18

Other terms for a reciprocating engine?

Answer 18

Four-Stroke Engines or Internal Combustion Engine

Question 19

What principle does the reciprocating engine operate on?

Answer 19

Converting chemical energy to mechanical energy

Question 20

Converts the back and forth motion of the pistons to the rotary motion of the crankshaft which in turn rotates the propeller

Answer 20

Reciprocating Engine

Question 21

What are the 2 primary reciprocating engine designs?

Answer 21

Spark ignition and Compression ignition

Question 22

This has a small frontal area to minimize drag and has a low power-to-weight ratio

Answer 22

In-Line Engine

Question 23

The cylinders “radiate” outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel

Answer 23

Radial Engine

Question 24

The cylinders in this engine are arranged in two in-line banks

Answer 24

V-Type Engines

Question 25

This engine always have an even number of cylinders and has a reduced frontal area and better cooling

Answer 25

Opposed Engine

Question 26

State the parts of a cylinder

Answer 26

1. Intake valve 2. Crankshaft 3. Exhaust valve 4. Connecting Rod

Question 27

Who was the german inventor of the first internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber

Answer 27

Nikolaus August Otto

Question 28

State the four strokes or otto's cycle

Answer 28

1. Intake stroke 2. Compression stroke 3. Power stroke 4. Exhaust stroke

Question 29

This piston is moving toward the crankshaft and the intake valve is open, exhaust valve is closed.

Answer 29

Intake Stroke

Question 30

What happens to the fuel and air mixture during intake stroke?

Answer 30

Allows the fuel and air mixture to flow into the cylinder

Question 31

As the piston starts moving away from the crankshaft both valves are closed. The fuel and air is compressed in the cylinder

Answer 31

Compression stroke

Question 32

As the piston nears the end of its outward travel, the fuel and air mixture is ignited (explosion). The rapid burning and expansion of the fuel and air mixture pushes the piston toward the crankshaft

Answer 32

Power stroke

Question 33

The piston moves away from the crankshaft and the exhaust valve is open, intake valve is closed

Answer 33

Exhaust stroke

Question 34

What happens to the burnt gasses during exhaust stroke?

Answer 34

Burnt gases are forced out the cylinder

Question 35

Explain what happens during valve lead

Answer 35

Inlet open before piston reach top dead center (at the end of exhaust stroke) and exhaust open before piston reach bottom dead center (at the end of power stroke)

Question 36

Explain what happens during valve lag

Answer 36

Inlet valve close after piston passed the bottom dead center (at the beginning of compression stroke), the exhaust close after piston passed top dead center (at the beginning of suction stroke)

Question 37

This is a short period of time when both inlet and exhaust valve open

Answer 37

Valve Overlap

Question 38

When does valve overlap happen?

Answer 38

During the end of the exhaust stroke and beginning of intake

Question 39

It is a secondary means of cooling the exhaust valve by fresh air intake during the overlap

Answer 39

Valve Overlap

Question 40

What is the duration of the valve overlap?

Answer 40

10-20 degrees of crankshaft rotation

Question 41

State the Cessna 152's FCHANDLER acronym

Answer 41

Four Cylinder Carburetor Type Horizontally Opposed Air Cooled Naturally Aspirated Direct Driven Lycoming (Avco Lycoming) Engine : 0-235-L2C Rated at 2550 rpm @ 110BHP

Question 42

This brings in air from outside, mixed it with fuel and delivers the fuel and air mixture to the cylinder where combustion occurs

Answer 42

Induction system

Question 43

What are the two types of induction system?

Answer 43

Carburetor system and Fuel Injection System

Question 44

This mixes the fuel and air before this mixture enters the intake manifold for combustion

Answer 44

Carburetor system

Question 45

Explain the process for a float-type carburetor system

Answer 45

The outside air first flows through an air filter which flows into the carburetor and through a venturi, a narrow throat in the carburetor. As the air flows through the venturi, a low-pressure area is created which forces the fuel to flow through a main fuel jet located at the throat. The fuel and air mixture is then drawn though the intake manifold and into the combustion chambers where it is ignited.

Question 46

This controls the engine power on single-engine airplanes

Answer 46

Throttle Knob

Question 47

The throttle knob has a _______________ at the base of the throttle to increase/decrease friction

Answer 47

Friction lock

Question 48

This is a needle which controls the amount of fuel to the discharge nozzle.

Answer 48

Mixture Knob

Question 49

As altitude increases, the air becomes _______________

Answer 49

less dense

Question 50

This refers to when the fuel is injected directly into the cylinders, or just ahead of the intake valve

Answer 50

Fuel Injection System

Question 51

What are the six components of a fuel injection system?

Answer 51

1. Engine-driven fuel pump 2. Fuel-air control unit 3. Fuel manifold (fuel distributor) 4. Discharge nozzles 5. Auxiliary fuel pump 6. Fuel pressure/ flow indicators

Question 52

(FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM) This essentially replaces the carburetor, meters fuel based on the mixture control setting and sends it to the fuel manifold valve at a rate controlled by the throttle

Answer 52

Fuel-air control unit

Question 53

Give the advantages of using fuel injection

Answer 53

- Reduction in evaporative icing - Better fuel flow - Faster throttle response - Precise control of mixture - Better fuel distribution - Easier cold weather starts

Question 54

Give disadvantages of using fuel injection

Answer 54

- Difficulty in starting a hot engine - Vapor locks during ground operations on hot days - Problems associated with restarting an engine that quits because of fuel starvation

Question 55

This is the energy source for the combustion process

Answer 55

Fuel

Question 56

This occurs when fuel comes into contact with oxygen (air) and the temp of the mixture is raised to its kindling point

Answer 56

Combustion

Question 57

Give the Fuel and Air ratio for Stoichiometric ratio

Answer 57

1:14

Question 58

Give the ratio of fuel to air by weight

Answer 58

Rich - 1:13 , Lean - 1:15

Question 59

Give the reasons to why we "lean" our aircraft

Answer 59

- Proper leaning at cruise altitude produces optimal engine performance - When you adjust the fuel and air mixture, you are decreasing fuel flow to the engine to compensate for decreased air density at higher altitudes - Less fuel is needed for proper engine operation as altitude is gained - During cruise, leaning is normally required when above 3,000 ft. MSL.

Question 60

Explain the leaning process

Answer 60

1. At altitude, set cruise power 2. Lean by reducing the mixture gradually until the engine runs a little rough, and a reduction in RPM will happen 3. Slowly enrich the mixture until the engine smooths out If you need the climb, enrich the mixture before adding power, then lean again at your new attitude

Question 61

State the advantages of proper leaning

Answer 61

- Good engine performance - Good fuel economy

Question 62

State the disadvantages of improper leaning if the mixture is too lean

Answer 62

- high cylinder temperatures - possible detonation - possible pre-ignition - less engine power - engine roughness

Question 62

State the disadvantages of improper leaning if the mixture is too rich

Answer 62

- possible fouling of spark plugs - less engine power at altitude - excessive fuel consumption

Question 63

(Carburetor Heat and Icing) - It occurs due to the effect of a)__________________ and the b)___________________________ in the venturi, which causes a sharp temp drop in the carburetor. - It usually forms when the relative humidity is c)________ or with temperatures d)_______________.

Answer 63

a. fuel vaporization b. decrease in air pressure c. above 80% d. below 21 degrees celsius

Question 64

Ice generally forms in the vicinity of the a) ______________ and in the b) ______________

Answer 64

a. Throttle valve b. Venturi throat

Question 65

State the process of application of carburetor heat

Answer 65

1. Carb Heat : PULL - "ON" a. This will introduce heated air b. Fuel and air mixture will become rich 2. Reduction in the engine RPM 3. Engine Roughness a. Carburetor ice melts 4. The engine RPM will increase gradually after ice is melted. If ice is not present, the RPM will decrease and then remain constant

Question 66

This pertains to a decrease in engine RPM, which may be followed by engine roughness

Answer 66

Fixed-pitch Propeller

Question 67

This pertains to a decrease in manifold pressure, but no reduction in RPM

Answer 67

Constant-speed Propeller

Question 68

This is an anti-icing system that preheats the air before it reaches the carburetor and is intended to keep the fuel-air mixture above freezing to prevent the formation of carburetor ice

Answer 68

Carburetor heat

Question 69

The use of carburetor heat causes a a.)______________________ sometimes up to b.)_____, because the heated air is less dense than the outside air that had been entering the engine.

Answer 69

a. decrease in engine power b. 15%