alcohols

Question 1

alcohol homologous series

Answer 1

OH functional group and nothing else

Question 2

general formula for alcohols

Answer 2

CnH2n+1 OH

Question 3

when are alcohols formed

Answer 3

when halogenalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with aqueous hydroxides

Question 4

naming simple alcohols

Answer 4

-longest carbon chain- prefix
-suffix is OL
-include position number before OL in name

Question 5

how to classify alcohols

Answer 5

by number of carbons bonded to one with hydroxyl group

Question 6

primary alcohol

Answer 6

carbon with OH bonded to one other carbon

Question 7

secondary alcohol

Answer 7

carbon with OH bonded to 2 other carbons

Question 8

tertiary alcohol

Answer 8

carbon with OH bonded to three more carbons

Question 9

diol

Answer 9

when alkane hydrogen replaced by 2 OH groups

Question 10

naming diols

Answer 10

-write full name of longest chain
-suffix for diol end of chain name
-add position number for OH groups
-write position number of diol before each suffix and after prefix

Eg- hexane-2,2-diol

Question 11

drawing alcohols

Answer 11

draw longest carbon chain
-position of OH group
-add OH extra when drawing diols

Question 12

strongest IM force between alcohol molecules

Answer 12

hydrogen bonding
-compared to alkanes and alkenes they have strongest bonding

Question 13

solubility of alcohols as chain increases

Answer 13

-polar molecules
-short ones highly soluble
-as it grows solubility decreases because greater region of chain non polar and non polar substances highly insoluble in polar solutes

Question 14

carbonyl compounds

Answer 14

double bond C–O

Question 15

aldehyde

Answer 15

when carbonyl bonded to carbon and hydrogen or two hydrogens
C double O and two H

Question 16

general formula for aldehyde

Answer 16

CnH2nO

CHO structural formula

Question 17

alkyl group

Answer 17

CH3Ch2CH2CH2

Question 18

naming simple aldehydes

Answer 18

longest chain
-suffix is al
-always on end of carbon chain so dont add position name

Question 19

ketone

Answer 19

when carbonyl of C–O bonded to 2 carbons

Question 20

general formula for ketones

Answer 20

CnH2nO

Question 21

structural formula of ketones

Answer 21

CH3COCH3

Question 22

aldehyde structural formula

Answer 22

CH3CH2CHO

Question 23

naming simple ketones

Answer 23

-longest carbon chain
suffix for ketone one
add position number because always on second carbon
eg pentanone
pentan-3-one

Question 24

carbonyls

Answer 24

aldehyde
ketone
carboxylic acid

Question 25

carboxylic acid

Answer 25

when C--O bonded to carbon and OH

Question 26

general formula carboxylic acid

Answer 26

CnH2n+1 COOH

Question 27

naming carboxylic acid

Answer 27

-prefix for longest chain -suffix anoic acid always at end of chain so no position name

Question 28

drawing carbonyls

Answer 28

-carbon chain aldehyde end of chain -add ketone to position number carbon -add COOH for anoic acid

Question 29

IM forces of carbonyls

Answer 29

van der waal dipole dipole COOH have hydrogen bonding

Question 30

oxidation in organic chem

Answer 30

whenever a carbon forms a bond with a more electronegative element

Question 31

what do primary alcohols form when oxidised

Answer 31

aldehydes

Question 32

what do secondary alcohols form when oxidised

Answer 32

ketones

Question 33

why cant tertiary alcohols be oxidised

Answer 33

carbon hydrogen bonds break when oxidised but they dont have C-H bonds so dont oxidise

Question 34

oxidising agent for alcohols

Answer 34

potassium dichromate K2CR2O7

Question 35

how to use potassium dichromate to oxidise alcohols

Answer 35

acidify add dilute acid -sulfuric acid normally

Question 36

ethanol reaction with potassium dichromate

Answer 36

ethanol + Cr2O72- + H+ = ethanal + Cr(111) + water

Question 37

chromium change of oxidation state

Answer 37

+6 from Cr2O72- to CR(111) 3+ reduced

Question 38

colour change of oxidation of alcohols

Answer 38

orange to green

Question 39

aldehyde oxidation product

Answer 39

carboxylic acid

Question 40

half equations for oxidation of alcohols

Answer 40

1identify oxidising agent- Cr2O72 = Cr3+ -balance atoms- hydrogens with ions and water oxygens with water -balance charges- add electrons in reactants side

Question 41

symbol for oxidising agents

Answer 41

O with brackets around it

Question 42

what happens during elminiation reactions

Answer 42

2 sigma bonds break and a pi bond forms

Question 43

products of alcohol elimination reaction

Answer 43

alcohol = alkene + h20

Question 44

elimination reaction catalyst

Answer 44

conc h2so4 or h3po4

Question 45

external factors done in eliminaton reaction of alcohols

Answer 45

heat alcohol to increase rate of reaction -use sulfuric acid or hydrogen phosphate

Question 46

conditions for elimination reactions of alcohols

Answer 46

concentrated acid catalyst -heat alcohol to speed up reaction

Question 47

what to replace sulfuric catalyst with in mechanisms

Answer 47

H+ ions

Question 48

how to remove alkene from preperation of dehydration reaction of alcohol

Answer 48

distilation -strongest IM force pent1-ene has is van der waal but strongest alcohol has is hydrogen bonding so boiling point weaker so separate

Question 49

where can hydrogens only be removed during alcohol reactions

Answer 49

hydrogens on carbons adjacent next to carbon with OH group

Question 50

hydration of alkenes alcohol

Answer 50

alkenes + water reversible to alcohol -double bond alkene plus water alkane plus OH group

Question 51

steps of hydration alkene reaction

Answer 51

-add alkene in gas phase into reactor -add water in form of steam -add acid catalyst to start reaction

Question 52

what type of reaction is hydration of alkenes

Answer 52

electrophilic addition

Question 53

making alcohol from ethene

Answer 53

-convert to ethanol phosphoric acid catalyst -300 degrees -compromise of yield and rate -6000KPA high pressure expensive but shift yield -

Question 54

equation for hydration of ethene

Answer 54

C2H4 +H2O REVERSIBLE C2H5OH

Question 55

confitions of fermentation of yeast

Answer 55

no oxygen -can contaminate ethanol to ethanoic acid -oxygen can make co2 and h20 -temps 25 degrees no lower between 25 and 40 -temp any lower and slow rate and any higher and enzymes denature

Question 56

advantages of fermentation

Answer 56

-renewable resources- plants -more sustainable -cheaper -less energy used

Question 57

disadvantages of hydration reactions

Answer 57

-non renewable reources -more expensive higher eneegy use

Question 58

advantages of hydration

Answer 58

continuous process -100 percent atom economy -faster rate of reaction

Question 59

disadvantages of fermentation

Answer 59

-slower rate of reaction atom economy lower than 100 percent -batch process not continuous

Question 60

equation for reaction during fermentation

Answer 60

C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Question 61

carbon nuetral fuel

Answer 61

carbon taken in same as carbon let out during photosynthesis and combustion -no overall co2 emissions

Question 62

how to produce aldehydes

Answer 62

distill

Question 63

how to produce ketones and carboxylic acids

Answer 63

heat under reflux

Question 64

test for tertiary alcohols

Answer 64

add potassium dichromate and colour orange because cant be oxidised

Question 65

test for secondary or primary alcohols

Answer 65

add potassium dichromate and solution will turn green

Question 66

test for primary alcohol

Answer 66

tollens reagent -silver mirror forms when aldehyde present -no reaction for ketone

Question 67

benedict or fehling for aldehydes

Answer 67

solution turns red when aldehyde present -no change for ketone -stay blue