halogenalkanes

Question 1

halogenoalkane

Answer 1

alkane where at least one hydrogen replaced with halogen

Question 2

halogens

Answer 2

fluorine
chlorine
bromine
iodine

Question 3

naming simple haloalkanes

Answer 3

ane at end of name
prefix depends on number of carbons
-prefix of halogen before name of alkane chain
add position number of halogen

Question 4

general formula of haloalkanes

Answer 4

CnH2n+1X X for halogen

Question 5

primary halogenalkane

Answer 5

carbon with halogen attached to 1 other carbon

Question 6

secondary halogenalkane

Answer 6

-carbon with halogen group bonded to 2 other carbons

Question 7

tertiary halogenoalkane

Answer 7

carbon with halogen attached to 3 other carbons

Question 8

properties of halogen alkanes

Answer 8

-polar molecules
-dipole dipole
van der waal
length increases van der wala forces
-boiling and melting point increase

Question 9

halogenalkanes solubility

Answer 9

-slightly soluble in water
-as length of carbon chain increases solubility decreases

Question 10

CFC

Answer 10

any compound that only has chlorine fluorine and carbon

Question 11

uses of CFC

Answer 11

propellants in aerosel cans
-solvents
refrigerants

Question 12

ozone

Answer 12

lets in light from sun so we can see and plants can grow
blocks UV

Question 13

UV and CFC

Answer 13

when CFC released they go into atmosphere and UV lights causes free radical

Question 14

free radicals and ozone

Answer 14

cause ozone to break down into oxygen
doesnt protect us from UV rays

Question 15

equation for ozone to oxygen

Answer 15

2O3 - 3O2

Question 16

what determines what free radicals most likely to form

Answer 16

bond enthalpy

Question 17

nucleophillic substitution

Answer 17

nueleophile substitutes for halogen

Question 18

equations for nucleosphiilic substitution

Answer 18

ionic
-full with molecular formula

Question 19

why do carbon halogen bonds break

Answer 19

-electronegativity
-size of ions- as size increases electrons are spread out over a greater distance and increases ions stability

Question 20

nucleophilic substitution with sodium hydroxide reagent and nucleophile

Answer 20

-nucleophile is OH
and reagent is NaOH

Question 21

nucleophillic sub with potassium cyanide reagent and nucleophile

Answer 21

KCN reagent
-CN nucleophile

Question 22

nucleophillic sub with ammonia reagent and nucleophile

Answer 22

reagent ammonia
nucleophile ammonia

Question 23

nucleophile

Answer 23

donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond

Question 24

reagent

Answer 24

substance physically added to the system

Question 25

how halogens and NaOH and KOH react

Answer 25

both reagents need to be dissolved in water

Question 26

conditions for OH nucleophilic sub

Answer 26

-NaOH dissolved in water -heat to increase rate of reaction

Question 27

nitrile

Answer 27

formed when CN replaces halogen on molecule

Question 28

products formed when when cyanide reacts with halogens

Answer 28

nitriles

Question 29

naming nitriles

Answer 29

longest chain eg butane with nitrile on end including carbon in nitrile group

Question 30

conditions when cyanide reacts with halogens

Answer 30

-heat mixture -dissolve in ethanol -alcohol because you could produce alcohol instead of nitriles with water

Question 31

product formed when ammonia reacts with halogen molecules

Answer 31

-amines

Question 32

conditions for nucleophiles with ammonia conditions

Answer 32

-dissolved in ethanol is with water could make alcohols instead of amines -heat mixture -high pressure excess ammonia

Question 33

what determines rate of reaction in halogenoalkanes

Answer 33

more electronegative faster rate of reaction

Question 34

bond enthalpy and rate of halogenoalkanes reaction

Answer 34

lower bond enthalpies require less activation energy so more frequent collisions so faster rate of reaction

Question 35

how to measure rate of reaction of halogenoalkanes

Answer 35

-dissolve in ethanol -add silver nitrate and water -measure how long it takes for precipitate to form

Question 36

what happens in elimination reactions

Answer 36

2 sigma bonds break 1 pi bond forms double or triple bonds formed

Question 37

products and reactants of elimination reactions

Answer 37

ethanolic reagent ethanolic KOH eg -alkene for pi bond

Question 38

conditions for elimination reactions

Answer 38

ethanolic hydroxides -heat/ high temps -concentrated reagent

Question 39

conditions for sub reaction

Answer 39

-aqueous -dilute NaOH or KOH -lower temps

Question 40

base

Answer 40

when species accepts protons proton acceptor from H+ all nucleophiles

Question 41

role of OH example in reaction

Answer 41

acts as base proton acceptor

Question 42

which hydrogens removed in elimination reactions

Answer 42

hydrogens attached to carbon next to carbon with halogen

Question 43

products of elimination reactions

Answer 43

up to 2 structural isomers

Question 44

free radical

Answer 44

when species has un unpaired valence electron

Question 45

equation for free radical sub

Answer 45

alkane + halogen= halogenoalkane + hydrogen halide

Question 46

how to produce free radicals

Answer 46

high temps above 450 UV light -provide extra energy to break bonds

Question 47

which free radicals form

Answer 47

lower bond enthalpy means more likely to form that free radical

Question 48

free radical and free radical reaction

Answer 48

form a molecule

Question 49

free radical and molecule reaction

Answer 49

free radical + molecule = new molecule + new free radical

Question 50

initiation step

Answer 50

produce free radical with heat and UV light

Question 51

propagation

Answer 51

radical formed in initiation with molecule forming free radical and hydrogen halide

Question 52

first propagation step

Answer 52

free radical with molecule forms free radical and hydrogen halide

Question 53

second propogation

Answer 53

second free radical formed in first step reacting with origanal halogen forming halogen free radical with molecule

Question 54

when free radical isnt at end of carbon chain

Answer 54

place on top of which carbon it is with full structural formula

Question 55

uncontrollable side reactions

Answer 55

increase time taken to produce desired product -decrease percentage yield of desired product

Question 56

decomposition of ozone mechanism

Answer 56

C2F4Cl2= *C2F4Cl+ *Cl -Cl* + O3 = ClO* + O2 -ClO* + O3 = Cl* + 2O2 -2O3 = 3O2

Question 57

alternatives to CFC molecules

Answer 57

hydrofluorocarbons and hydrocarbons -high bond enthalpy so less reactive and dont form chlorine radicals

Question 58

role of chlorine radical in ozone decomposition

Answer 58

acts as catalyst