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intro to organic chem Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

organic compounds

A

carbon atoms with at least one covalent bond with other atoms

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2
Q

hydrocarbons

A

molecule with only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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3
Q

saturated hydrocarbons

A

only single carbon carbon bonds
have most amount of hydrogen atoms

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4
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

at least one double or triple bond

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5
Q

simplest type of hydrocarbon

A

an alkane

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6
Q

2 types of alkanes

A

linear and branched

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7
Q

what type of hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbons

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8
Q

what structure do cycloalkanes form

A

circle ring structure

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9
Q

molecular formula

A

gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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10
Q

displayed formula

A

each bond and element shown in molecule

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11
Q

structural formula

A

each group and part looked at and written in letter and number form

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12
Q

good about displayed formula

A

display every atom and bond in a molecule

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13
Q

bad about displayed formula

A

takes ages to draw
hard to interpret

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14
Q

skeletal formula

A

show arrangement of atoms and structure of molecule

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15
Q

skeletal formula for non hydrocarbon molecules

A

symbols for other atoms
H bonded to other atoms

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16
Q

how to draw branched chain molecule skeletal

A

add side chain carbon on top like plain line

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17
Q

steps of writing skeletal formula

A

write c-c bonds
atoms symbol of other ones
hydrogen bonds bonded to other
ass side chains

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18
Q

structural to skeletal

A

draw displayed then structural

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19
Q

skeletal to structural

A

skeletal to displayed to structural

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20
Q

skeletal to molecular

A

displayed to molecular to empirical if needed

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21
Q

naming alkanes

A

ending in ane

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22
Q

what does prefix tell in naming

A

how many carbons in the molecule eg eth

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23
Q

1 chain carbon prefix

A

meth

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24
Q

2 carbon chain prefix

A

eth

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25
3 carbon chain prefix
prop
26
4 carbon chain prefix
but
27
5 carbon chain prefix
pent
28
6 carbon chain prefix
hex
29
pneumonic for prefix
monkeys eat proper bananas
30
naming chains in branched alkanes
suffix of chain for number of carbons
31
naming positions of side chains
number carbons and pt number of what carbon chain is on infront of written name
32
drawing molecules from IUCPAC name
draw longest carbon chain check bonds if alkane or alkene add other groups
33
naming cycloalkanes
name as normal and add cyclo in front
34
naming cycloalkanes with side chains
side chain first and then cyclo in front of longest chain name
35
alcohol group
OH
36
amine group
NH2
37
alkene group
double bond carbons
38
homologous series
group of compounds which are very similar
39
homologous series properties
same functional group different amount of saturated carbon atoms same general formula
40
chemical reaction of homologous series
react in same way chemically similar
41
unreactive homologous series
cycloalkanes alkanes
42
physical properties of homologous series
gradual change as chain increases
43
general formula of cycloalkanes
CnH2n
44
general formula of alkanes
CnH2n+2
45
alkene general formula
CnH2n
46
alcohol general formula
CnH2n+1 OH
47
amine general formula
CnH2n+1 NH2
48
isomers
compounds that have same molecular formula but atoms are arranged differently
49
strucyural isomerism
same molecular and different structural formula
50
chain isomerism
2 structural isomers have different carbon chain
51
position isomers
2 structural isomers have same type of functional group in different position to compound
52
functional group isomers
same molecular formula but different types of functional groups
53
combustion reaction
exothermic reacts with oxygen to produce heat energy
54
pollutants
carbon dioxide water vapour
55
possible products of incomplete combustion
water vapour solid carbon carbon monoxide
56
carbon monoxide dangers
toxic flammable
57
what is soot
solid carbon from incomplete combustion
58
smog
lots of soot in air
59
effects of smog
reduce sun light less plants grow
60
why does complete combustion produce more energy
forming bonds exothermic
61
product of sulfur being in combustion
sulfur dioxide
62
products when nitrogen in combustion
nitrogen oxide
63
product when silicon in combustion
sillicon dioxide
64
organic compounds in fuel
less efficient as produces less heat energy then alkanes remove them from fuel
65
what are impurities
left over organic compounds in fuel
66
problems of sulfur dioxide in air
harder to breath- asthma respiratory issues makes acid rain
67
problems of acid rain
harms soil- harder for crops to grow makes rivers acidic- kills animals
68
how chemists get rid of sulfur dioxide
above power plants mesh coated with calcium oxide makes solid harmless acid plus base is salt neutralisation reaction large surface area of calcium oxide
69
unburnt hydrocarbons
gases from incomplete combustion
70
nitric oxide pollution
nitrogen inside engine combusts respiratory acid rain
71
how does nitric acid produce acid rain
reacts with oxygen to make nitrogen dioxide nitrogen dioxide reacts with water vapour in clouds to make nitric acid
72
what do unburnt hydrocarbons produce
soot smog
73
reduce soot entering atmosphere
filter that catches carbon atoms before going out
74
preventing unburnt hydrocarbons
gases come into contact with catalyst converts gas into another
75
structure of catalytic catalyst
has metal catalyst of platinum or paladium or rhodium or irodium large mesh large surface area cheaper
76
catalytic converters
catalyse reactiopns between undirny hydrocarbons to make carbon dioxide and water vapour
77
how to prevent CO in atmpsphere
reaction with nitric oxide in catalytic converter
78
reduce amount of unburned hydrocarbons in atmpsphere
combustion reaction in catalytic converter
79
reduce amount of NO in air
reaction with carbon monoxide in catalytic converter
80
how animals used for oil
made organic have alkenes can be used for oil form dead remains
81
crude oil
with impurities outside from ground
82
petroleum and petrol
petrol comes from crude oil and petroleum same as crude oil
83
alkanes in oil
determines oils purposes seperated form crude oil
84
how are alkanes seperated
each fractions by properties
85
step of of FD
heat oil in furnace and turns oil into vapour
86
what happens to vapour in FD
bottom hot and top cold vapour goes into column crude oil separated by boiling points condensation
87
how alkanes condense
larger down and smaller up
88
outline process of fractional distilation
crude oil heated in furnace to make vapour -vapour passes into column -column has negative temp gradient -larger molecules condense nearer bottom of column
89
what has each fraction
similar alkanes with similar boiling points
90
fraction 1
less than 70 carbons bitumen thick black taar big alkanes unreactive roofing
91
fraction 2
fuel oil ships
92
fraction 3
candels 'lubricate lubrocatinf oil
93
fraction 4
diesel oil cars
94
fraction 5
kerosene parrafin volatile than diesel used in lighting or jet fuel
95
fraction 6
petrol cars
96
fraction 7
gases fuel in gas form
97
acronym for fractions
british football leagues dont kick penalties good
98
usefulness of alkanes
shorter better than longer ones
99
why shorter hydrocarbons more usefull
more flammable and burn easily higher energy output when burned
100
thermal cracking
mix of long hydrocarbons broken down by high pressure and temps
101
why does cracking require high temps and pressures
break carbon bonds with high bond enthalpy
102
products of thermal cracking
smaller chain alkanes alkene total hydrogen and carbon same as products and reactants liner alkanes
103
use of alkenes from thermal cracking
plastic
104
catalyst in catalytic cracking
zeolite
105
condititons of catalytic cracking
high but lower than thermal temps catalyst lower pressure
106
products of catalytic cracking
branched alkanes cycloalkanes aromatics/ benzene
107
answering questions about unknown products and writing equations
-write out equation of what you know -what unknown product type -calculate difference find molecular formula of unknown
108
benefits of thermal cracking
makes shorter chain alkanes mainly short chain alkanes makes plastics
109
benefits of catalytic cracking
makes valuable short chain alkanes catalyst so cheap and easy mainly branched chain alkanes branched alkanes used for fuel
110
disadvantages for thermal cracking
expensive because of high pressure and temps
111
disadvantage of catalytic cracking
zeolite expensive and needs replacing
112

Organic chem (10 decks)

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