ALKALOIDS

Question 1

Are extremely difficult to define for they do not represent a homogenous group of
compounds either from the chemical,
biochemical or physiologic point of view.

Answer 1

ALKALOIDS

Question 2

Naturally occurring chemical compounds
containing basic nitrogen atoms.

Answer 2

ALKALOIDS

Question 3

Commonly applied to basic nitrogenous
compounds of plant origin that is
physiologically active.

Answer 3

ALKALOIDS

Question 4

Usually classified according to the nature of the basic chemical structures from which they are derived.

Answer 4

ALKALOIDS

Question 5

All do occur in plants which have been the
rich sources.

Answer 5

ALKALOIDS

Question 6

Some are found in animals and practically all have been reproduced by chemical synthesis.

Answer 6

ALKALOIDS

Question 7

Examples of Alkaloids:

Answer 7

BACTERIA
FUNGI
FROGS
INSECTS

Question 8

Usually a bitter taste.

Answer 8

ALKALOIDS

Question 9

By agreement, chemical rules designate
that the name of alkaloids should end in
INE.

Answer 9

ALKALOIDS

Question 10

By agreement, chemical rules designate
that the name of alkaloids should end in
____.

Answer 10

INE

Question 11

The term Alkaloid (______) is commonly
used to designate basic heterocyclic
nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active.

Answer 11

ALKALI-LIKE

Question 12

Some alkaloids are not basic.

Answer 12

BASICITY

Question 13

Examples or Basicity:

Answer 13

COLCHICINE, PIPERINE, QUATERNARY ALKALOIDS

Question 14

The nitrogen in some alkaloids is
not a heterocyclic ring.

Answer 14

NITROGEN

Question 15

Examples of Nitrogen:

Answer 15

COLCHICINE, EPHEDRINE, MESCALINE

Question 16

Derived from amino acids and have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. – Atropine

Answer 16

TRUE/TYPICAL ALKALOIDS

Question 17

Derived from amino acids and do not have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring.
– Ephedrine

Answer 17

PROTO-ALKALOIDS

Question 18

Not derived from amino acids but have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. - Caffeine

Answer 18

PSEUDO-ALKALOIDS

Question 19

Non-alkaloids that gives false positive reaction with alkaloidal reagents.

Answer 19

FALSE ALKALOIDS

Question 20

Types of Alkaloids:

Answer 20

TRUE/TYPICAL ALCALOIDS
PROT-ALKALOIDS
PSEUDO-ALKALOIDS
FALSE ALKALOIDS

Question 21

Example of true/typical alcaloid

Answer 21

ATROPINE

Question 22

Example or Proto-Alkaloids

Answer 22

EPHEDRINE

Question 23

Example of Pseudo-Alkaloids

Answer 23

CAFFEINE

Question 24

Are cyclic organic compounds
containing nitrogen in negative state of
oxidation with limited distribution
among living organisms.

Answer 24

ALKALOIDS

Question 25

Occurrence of Alkaloids:

Answer 25

• RARE IN LOWER PLANTS • DICOTS ARE MORE RICH IN ALKALOIDS THAN MONOCOTS • MONOCOT PLANTS WITH ALKALOIDS • FAMILIES FREE FROM ALKALOIDS

Question 26

Monocot plants with Alkaloids:

Answer 26

AMARYLLIDACEAE LILIACEAE

Question 27

Families free from Alkaloids:

Answer 27

ROSACEAE LABIATAE

Question 28

Families rich in Alkaloids:

Answer 28

• APOCYNACEAE • SOLANACEAE • PAPAVERACEAE • RUBIACEAE • RANUNCULACEAE • BERBERIDACEAE

Question 29

Poisonous agent protecting the plant against insects and hervibores due to its bitterness and toxicity.

Answer 29

ALKALOIDS

Question 30

End product of detoxification reaction representing a metabolic locking-up of compounds otherwise harmful to the plants– waste products.

Answer 30

ALKALOIDS

Question 31

As regulatory growth factor in certain metabolic systems.

Answer 31

ALKALOIDS

Question 32

Reserved the substance capable of supplying nitrogen or other necessary elements to the plant’s economy– Sources of nitrogen in case of nitrogen deficiency.

Answer 32

ALKALOIDS

Question 33

Utilized as source of energy in case of deficiency in carbon dioxide assimilation.

Answer 33

ALKALOIDS

Question 34

Plant part used in Datura

Answer 34

ALL PARTS

Question 35

Plant part used in Tobacco

Answer 35

LEAVES

Question 36

Plant part used in Cinchona

Answer 36

BARKS

Question 37

Plant part used in Belladonna, Aconite

Answer 37

ROOTS

Question 38

Plant part used in Black Pepper

Answer 38

FRUITS

Question 39

Plant part used in Areca, Nux Vomica, Physostigma

Answer 39

SEEDS

Question 40

Plant part used in Ipecac, Hydrastis

Answer 40

RHIZOMES AND ROOTS

Question 41

Plant part used in Opium

Answer 41

LATEX

Question 42

Plant part used in Ergot

Answer 42

FUNGI

Question 43

From the Generic Name of the plant yielding them:

Answer 43

ATROPINE - ATROPA HYDRASTINE - HYDRASTIS

Question 44

From the Specific Name of the plant yielding them:

Answer 44

COCAINE - COCA BELLADONINE - BELLADONNA

Question 45

Atropa

Answer 45

ATROPINE

Question 46

HYDRASTIS

Answer 46

HYDRASTINE

Question 47

COCA

Answer 47

COCAINE

Question 48

Belladonna

Answer 48

BELLADONINE

Question 49

From the Common Name of the plant yielding them.

Answer 49

ERGOTAMINE - ERGOT

Question 50

Ergot

Answer 50

ERGOTAMINE

Question 51

From their Physiologic Activity

Answer 51

EMETINE MORPHINE

Question 52

Occasionally, from the Discoverer

Answer 52

PELLETIERINE - PELLETIER

Question 53

Pelletier

Answer 53

PELLETIERINE

Question 54

Sometimes, a prefix or suffix is added to the name of a principal alkaloid to designate another alkaloid from the same source. ▪ Quinine ▪ Quinidine ▪ Hydroquinidine

Question 55

Forms of Alkaloids:

Answer 55

• FREE BASES • SALTS WITH ORGANIC ACIDS • SALTS WITH INORGANIC ACIDS • SALTS WITH SPECIAL ACIDS • GLYCOSIDAL FORM

Question 56

Examples of Salt with Organic Acids

Answer 56

OXALIC ACID, ACETIC ACID

Question 57

Examples of Salts with Inorganic Acid:

Answer 57

HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SULFURIC ACID

Question 58

Examples of Salts with Special Acids:

Answer 58

MECONIC ACID - OPIUM QUINIC ACID - CINCHONA

Question 59

Examples of Glycosidal Form

Answer 59

SOLANINE - SOLANUM

Question 60

Insoluble or sparingly soluble in water.

Answer 60

ALKALOIDS

Question 61

freely soluble in water.

Answer 61

SALTS WITH ACIDS

Question 62

soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform or other relatively nonpolar, immiscible solvents.

Answer 62

FREE ALKALOIDS

Question 63

( However, alkaloidal salts are insoluble. )

Question 64

( Most are crystalline solids– often a useful means of microscopic identification. )

Question 65

Few are amorphous

Answer 65

ALKALOIDS

Question 66

( Form double-salts with compounds of Mercury (Hg), Gold (Au), Platinum (Pt), and other heavy metals. )

Question 67

The _______ are usually obtained as precipitates and many of them are microcrystallographically characteristics.

Answer 67

DOUBLE SALTS

Question 68

Few are Amorphous solids

Answer 68

EMETINE

Question 69

Some of the alkaloids are liquids that are either:

Answer 69

VOLATILE - NICOTINE and CONIINE NON-VOLATILE - PILOCARPINE AND AND HYOSCINE

Question 70

End product of detoxification reaction representing a metabolic locking-up of compounds otherwise harmful to the plants

Answer 70

WASTE PRODUCT

Question 71

Non-volatile

Answer 71

PILOCARPINE and HYOSCINE

Question 72

Color of Colchicine and Berberine

Answer 72

YELLOW

Question 73

Color of Canadine

Answer 73

ORANGE

Question 74

Color of Salts of Sanguinarine

Answer 74

Copper Red

Question 75

Examples of Yellow Color

Answer 75

COLCHICINE and BERBERINE

Question 76

Examples of Orange Color:

Answer 76

CANADINE

Question 77

Examples of Copper Red:

Answer 77

SALTS OF SANGUINARINE

Question 78

❑Both alkaloidal bases and their salts are soluble in alcohol. ❑Generally, the bases are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water

Answer 78

SOLUBILITY

Question 79

BASES INSOLUBLE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Answer 79

• MORPHINE IN ETHER • THEOBROMINE IN BENZENE • THEOPHYLLINE IN BENZENE

Question 80

BASES SOLUBLE IN WATER

Answer 80

• CAFFEINE • CODEINE • COLCHICINE • EPHEDRINE • PILOCARPINE • QUATERNARY AMMONIUM BASES

Question 81

are usually soluble in water and insoluble or sparingly soluble in organic solvents.

Answer 81

SALTS

Question 82

Exception of the Physical Properties of Alkaloids

Answer 82

• SALTS INSOLUBLE IN WATER • SALTS SOLUBLE IN IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Question 83

Salts insoluble in water

Answer 83

QUININE MONOSULPHATE

Question 84

Salts soluble in organic solvents

Answer 84

LOBELINE AND APOATROPINE HCL-CHLOROFORM