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alkaloids Flashcards

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1
Q

Are extremely difficult to define for they do not represent a homogenous group of compounds either from the chemical, biochemical or physiologic point of view.

A

ALKALOIDS

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2
Q

Alkaloids are Naturally occurring chemical compounds containing ____

A

BASIC NITROGEN ATOMS

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3
Q

These are Usually classified according to the nature of the basic chemical structures from which they are derived.

A

ALKALOIDS

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4
Q

All do occur in plants which have been the rich sources.

A

ALKALOIDS

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5
Q

Some alkaloids are found in animals and practically all have been reproduced by chemical synthesis. Give examples

A

BACTERIA
FUNGI
FROGS
INSECTS

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6
Q

Alkaloids usually have __ taste

A

BITTER

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7
Q

By agreement, chemical rules designate that the name of alkaloids should end in ____

A

INE

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8
Q

The term ____ is commonly used to designate basic heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active.

A

ALKALOID (ALKALI-LIKE)

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9
Q

Some alkaloids are not basic. Give examples.

A

COLCHICINE
PIPERINE
QUATERNARY

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10
Q

The nitrogen in some alkaloids is
not a heterocyclic ring. Give examples.

A

COLCHICINE
EPHEDRINE
MESCALINE

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11
Q

Derived from amino acids and have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring.

A

TRUE/TYPICAL ALKALOIDS (Ex. Atropine)

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12
Q

Derived from amino acids and do not have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring.

A

PROTO-ALKALOIDS (Ex. Ephedrine)

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13
Q

Not derived from amino acids but have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring.

A

PSEUDO-ALKALOIDS (Ex. Caffeine)

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14
Q

Non-alkaloids that gives false positive reaction with alkaloidal reagents.

A

FALSE ALKALOIDS

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15
Q

Types of Alkaloids:

A

TRUE/TYPICAL ALKALOIDS
PROTO-ALKALOIDS
PSEUDO-ALKALOIDS
FALSE ALKALOIDS

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16
Q

Are cyclic organic compounds containing nitrogen in negative state of oxidation with limited distribution among living organisms.

A

ALKALOIDS

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17
Q

Alkaloids are rare in lower plants.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Monocots are more rich in alkaloids than dicots.

A

FALSE

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19
Q

Examples of Monocot plants with Alkaloids:

A

AMARYLLIDACEAE
LILIACEAE

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20
Q

Examples of Families free from Alkaloids:

A

ROSACEAE
LABIATAE

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21
Q

Examples of Families rich in Alkaloids:

A

APOCYNACEAE
BERBERIDACEAE
PAPAVERACEAE
RANUNCULACEAE
RUBIACEAE
SOLANACEAE

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22
Q

Functions as poisonous agent protecting the plant against insects and hervibores due to its bitterness and toxicity.

A

ALKALOIDS

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23
Q

Functions as end product of detoxification reaction representing a metabolic locking-up of compounds otherwise harmful to the plants – waste products.

A

ALKALOIDS

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24
Q

Functions as regulatory growth factor in certain metabolic systems.

A

ALKALOIDS

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25
Utilized as source of energy in case of deficiency in carbon dioxide assimilation.
ALKALOIDS
26
Reserved the substance capable of supplying nitrogen or other necessary elements to the plant’s economy – Sources of nitrogen in case of nitrogen deficiency.
ALKALOIDS
27
Parts used in Datura
ALL PARTS
28
Parts used in Tobacco
LEAVES
29
Parts used in Cinchona
BARKS
30
Parts used in Belladonna and Aconite
ROOTS
31
Parts used in Black Pepper
FRUITS
32
Parts used in Areca, Nux vomica, and Physostigma
SEEDS
33
Parts used in Ipecac and Hydrastis
RHIZOMES AND ROOTS
34
Parts used in Opium
LATEX
35
Parts used in Ergot
FUNGI
36
Examples of obtaining names of alkaloids from the Generic Name of the plant yielding them.
ATROPINE - ATROPA HYDRASTINE - HYDRASTIS
37
Examples of obtaining names of alkaloids from the Specific name of the plants yielding them
COCAINE - COCA BELLADONINE - BELLADONNA
38
Examples of obtaining names of alkaloids from the Common Name of the plant yielding them.
ERGOTAMINE - ERGOT
39
Examples of obtaining names of alkaloids from their physiologic activity
EMETINE MORPHINE
40
Example of obtaining names of alkaloids from the discoverer
PELLETIERINE - PELLETIER
41
Sometimes, a prefix or suffix is added to the name of a principal alkaloid to designate another alkaloid from the same source. Give examples.
QUININE QUINIDINE HYDROQUINIDINE
42
Forms of Alklaoids
FREE BASES SALTS WITH ORGANIC ACIDS SALTS WITH INORGANIC ACIDS SALTS WITH SPECIAL ACIDS GLYCOSIDAL FORM
43
Examples of Salts with Organic Acids
OXALIC ACID ACETIC ACID
44
Examples of salts with inorganic acids
HYDROCHLORIC ACID SULFURIC ACID
45
Examples of Salts with special acids
MECONIC ACID - OPIUM QUINIC ACID - CINCHONA
46
Examples of Glycosidal Form
SOLANINE - SOLANUM
47
Insoluble or sparingly soluble in water.
ALKALOIDS
48
Are freely soluble in water.
SALTS WITH ACIDS
49
Free alkaloids are soluble in ___
ETHER ALCOHOL CHLOROFORM OTHER RELATIVELY NONPOLAR, MISCIBLE SOLVENTS
50
These are insoluble.
ALKALOIDAL SALTS
51
Most alkaloids are crystalline solids – often a useful means of microscopic identification.
52
Few alkaloids are amorphous.
53
Alkaloids Form double-salts with compounds of___,____,____, and other heavy metals.
MERCURY (Hg) GOLD (Au) PLATINUM (Pt)
54
The double salts are usually obtained as precipitates and many of them are microcrystallographically characteristics.
55
Example of amorphous solids
EMETINE
56
Some are liquids that are either volatile and non volatile. Give examples.
VOLATILE - NICOTINE AND CONIINE NON VOLATILE - PILOCARPINE AND HYOSCINE
57
Examples of color yellow alkaloids
COLCHICINE BERBERINE
58
Example of orange alkaloid
CANADINE
59
Example of copper red alkaloid
SALTS OF SANGUINARINE
60
Both alkaloidal bases and their salts are soluble in ____.
ALCOHOL
61
Generally, the bases are SOLUBLE in ORGANIC solvents and INSOLUBLE in WATER
62
Exception: ❖Bases insoluble or sparingly soluble in certain organic solvents. ❖Bases soluble in Water
63
BASES INSOLUBLE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS
 Morphine in Ether  Theobromine in Benzene  Theophylline in Benzene
64
BASES SOLUBLE IN WATER
 Caffeine  Codeine  Colchicine  Ephedrine  Pilocarpine  Quaternary Ammonium bases
65
Salts are usually soluble in water and insoluble or sparingly soluble in organic solvents.
66
Salts insoluble in water
Quinine monosulphate
67
Salts soluble in organic solvents
Lobeline and Apoatropine HCl – Chloroform
68
Examples of Primary Amines – R-NH2
NOREPINEPHRINE MESCALINE
69
Secondary Amines – R2-NH
EPHEDRINE
70
Tertiary Amines – R3-N
ATROPINE
71
Quaternary Ammonium Salts – R4-N
TUBOCURARINE
72
BASICITY
R2NH > R-NH2 > R3-N
73
T OR F Saturated hexacyclic amines is more basic than aromatic amines
TRUE
74
Example of Weak Bases
CAFFEINE
75
Example of Strong Bases
ATROPINE
76
Example of Neutral Alkaloids
COLCHICINE
77
Example of Ampotheric Phenolic Alkaloids
MORPHINE
78
Example of Ampotheric Alkaloids with Carboxylic groups
NARCEINE
79
Most alkaloids contain oxygen and are solid in nature. Give example.
ATROPINE
80
Some alkaloids are free from oxygen and are usually liquids. Give examples
NICOTINE CONIINE
81
Alkaloids are decomposed by heat except:
STRYCHNINE AND CAFFEINE (SUBLIMABLE)
82
Dilute acids hydrolyze Ester alkaloids
ATROPINE
83
Concentrated acids may cause:
DEHYRDATION DEMETHOXYLATION
84
Concentrated acids may cause dehydration. Examples:
ATROPINE - APOATROPINE MORPHINE - APOMORPHINE
85
Concentrated acids may cause demethoxylation. Examples:
CODEINE
86
They also can form salts with alkaloids containing a carboxylic group.
NARCEINE
87
Alkalis may cause ____ of alkaloid as the conversion of Hyoscyamine to Atropine.
ISOMERIZATION (RACEMIZATION)
88
Dilute alkalis liberate most alkaloids from their salts.
NH3
89
Strong alkalis:
Aqueous NaOH and KOH form salts with phenolic alkaloids.
90
Strong alkalis cause hydrolysis of:
ESTER ALKALOIDS AMIDE ALKALOIDS
91
Ester Alkaloids examples
ATROPINE COCAINE PHYSOSTIGMINE
92
Amide Alkaloids example
COLCHICINE
93
Strong alkalis cause opening of ____
LACTONE RING
94
Some alkaloids are unstable when exposed to light and oxygen.
95
Pharmacologic Action of Alkaloids
- ANALGESIC & NARCOTICS - CENTRAL STIMULANTS - MYDRIATICS - MIOTICS - WHICH WILL CAUSE RISE IN BLOOD PR - WHICH WILL PRODUCE A FALL IN EXCESSIVE HYPERTENSION
96
Examples of Analgesic and Narcotics
▪ Codeine ▪ Morphine
97
Examples of Central Stimulants
▪ Brucine ▪ Strychnine
98
Examples of Mydriatics
▪ Atropine ▪ Homatropine
99
Examples of Miotics
▪ Physostigmine ▪ Pilocarpine
100
Example of which will cause rise in blood pressure
▪ Ephedrine
101
Examples of which will produce a fall in excessive hypertension
▪ Reserpine
102
Common Amino Acid Precursors
❖Anthranilic acid ❖Histidine ❖Lysine ❖Ornithine ❖Phenylalanine ❖Tyrosine ❖Tryptophan
103
The process of removing a carboxyl group from a chemical compound.
DECARBOXYLATION
104
The process of transposing an amino group within a chemical compound.
TRANSAMINATION
105
Reagent in Wagner’s Test
IODINE IN POTASSIUM IODIDE
106
Reagent in Mayer’s Test
POTASSIUM MERCURIC IODIDE
107
Reagent in Dragendorff’s Test
POTASSIUM BISMUTH IODIDE
108
Classification of Alkaloids
❑ Pyridine-Piperidine ❑Tropane ❑ Quinoline ❑ Isoquinoline ❑ Indole ❑ Imidazole ❑ Purine Bases ❑ Steroidal Alkaloids ❑ Alkaloidal Amines
109
Constituents of Pyridine-Piperidine
❖Arecoline ❖ Lobeline ❖ Nicotine ❖ Coniine ❖ Pelletierine
110
Sources of Pyridine-Piperidine
▪ Betel nut ▪ Lobelia ▪ Pomegranate ▪ Tobacco
111
Part used in Betel Nut
DRIED RIPE SEED
112
Part used in Lobelia
Dried Leaves and Tops
113
Parts used in Pomegranate
Dried Barks, Fruits, and Rootd
114
Part used in Tobacco
DRIED LEAVES
115
Constituents of Tropane
❖ Atropine ❖ Cocaine ❖ Hyoscine ❖ Hyoscyamine ❖ Scopolamine
116
Sources of Tropane
▪ Angel’s trumpet ▪ Belladonna ▪ Coca ▪ Henbane ▪ Thorn apple
117
Parts used in Angel’s Trumpet
Leaves and Flowers
118
Parts used in Belladonna
Dried Leaves and Flowering or Fruiting Tops
119
Parts used in Coca
Leaves
120
Parts Used in Henbane
Dried Leaves
121
Parts used in Thorn Apple
Dried Leaves and Tops
122
Constituents of Quinoline
❖Cinchonine ❖Cinchonidine ❖ Quinine ❖ Quinidine
123
Sources of Quinoline
 Red cinchona Yellow cinchona
124
Part used in Cinchona
BARKS
125
Constituents of Isoquinoline
❖ Sanguinarine ❖ Hydrastine ❖ Emetine ❖Tubocurarine
126
Sources of Isoquinoline
▪ Curare ▪ Hydrastis ▪ Ipecac ▪ Poppy fruit (Opium) ▪ Saguinaria
127
Part used in Curare
Roots
128
Parts used in Ipecac
Dried Rhizomes and Roots
129
Parts used in Hydrastis
Dried Rhizomes and Roots
130
Part used in Poppy Fruits
Latex - Source of Opium
131
Part used in Sanguinaria
Roots
132
Opium Alkaloids
▪ Papaverine ▪ Apomorphine ▪ Noscapine ▪ Codeine ▪ Heroin ▪ Hydromorphone ▪ Morphine
133
Constituents of Indole
❖Brucine ❖Ergonovine ❖Eserine ❖Physostigmine ❖ Reserpine ❖Strychnine ❖Vinblastine ❖Vincristine
134
Sources of Indole
▪ Calabar bean ▪ Ergot ▪ Ignatia ▪ Periwinkle/Vinca ▪ Rauvolfia ▪ Strychnine tree
135
Constituent of Imidazole
PILOCARPINE
136
Sources of Imidazole
Pilocarpus
137
Constituents of Purine Bases
Methylxanthines ❖Caffeine ❖Theophylline ❖Theobromine ❖Theine
138
Sources of Purine Bases
▪ Cacao ▪ Coffee ▪ Cola ▪ Tea
139
Constituents of Steroidal Alkaloids
❖ Germidine ❖Germitrine ❖Protoveratrine A and B
140
Sources of Steroidal Alklaoids
▪ Green/American hellebore ▪ White/European hellebore
141
Constituents of Alkaloidal Amines
❖ Ephedrine ❖ Colchicine ❖ Mescaline ❖ Cathinone
142
Sources of Alkaloidal Amines
▪ Abyssinian tea/ Khat ▪ Colchicum ▪ Ephedrine/Ma huang ▪ Mescal buttons/Peyote

PPC D (14 decks)

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