24. Government under William and Mary Flashcards
(22 cards)
Williams government
-Due to focus on war with France, William accepted cabinet government as this would be most efficient to coordinate a war effort
-Was a group of chosen ministers providing advice and direction over the crown
-Focus on war led to tension due to his suspension of habeus corpus, imprisonment requiring a trial and attempting to keep a standing army in peace time
Benefits of cabinet government
-Closer coordination of policies
-Mary could rule in Williams abscence
Impacts of the cabinet
-Saw a decline in the importance of the royal court
-Wider range of opinions than would be found at court
Strengthening of parliaments position under William
-Met every year 89-1702
-Increased importance due to a reliance on parliamentary finance for the crown
-Principal of appropriation established forcing a reason to be behind each grant
-Forced William to accept Triennial Act 94
Triennial act (94)
-Parliament met every year and had elections every 3
First parliament of William
-Act of Grace passed in May 1690 pardoned activities before the glorious revolution
-Dec 1690 an act established commission of public accounts, with members to be chosen by parliament to review state finances
-In Nov 91, this attacked the governments usage of money and recommended cutting the army, limiting the power of the crowns army
-In 1691, £4.6 million granted to William due to Danbys influence and fears of France
-Between 91 and 93, treason bill proposed jointly by T’s and W’s to limit monarchs legal power, defeated by HoL
-£4 million raised in 93 by land tax, but William still costing lots of money
-Many wanted a water based strategy rather than land war, strengthening country position
-Appointed Junto Whigs under Earl of Sunderlands guidance
-Shrewsbury instrumental in cabinet
-Junto Whigs link to monied men let them fund william
Million Loan Act
-Jan 93
-loaned 1 million but would be repaid from parliaments taxes
-created national debt
Bank of England
Established in 94 in order to aid the debt repayments from parliaments taxes.
Death of Mary
-94, led to tories becoming hostile
2nd parliament of William
-lasted 95-98
-opposition focused on escalation of war, influence of dutch advisors, increased taxes, bank of england and influence of monied men
-Assassination attempt in Feb 96 strengthened Junto Whigs position, and all office holders had to ensure William was rightful King
-Many tories refused, allowing them to get removed
-After Rhyswick, Junto Whigs collapsed due to their loss of financial influence
3rd parliament of William
-lasted 98-1700
-Most rallied against kings large army, disbanding bill in jan 99 reduced army to 7000
-in 98, parliament voted £700,000 annually for crowns government costs, leading to an end for William funding himself
-Place Bill removed thousands from parliament
-Prorogued after they attempted to remove dutch advisors
4th parliament of William
-Introduced act of settlement
Act of settlement
-1701
-excluded 57 catholic heirs to the throne
-any non-english monarch had to have parliamentary consent to declare war in defence of non-english territories
-all government was to be transacted in privy council instead of secret advisors
-monarch had to be protestant
5th parliament of William
Abjuration act forced all MP’s to deny allegiance to James II, William died in March 1702, leaving Queen Anne in charge
Significance of Act of Settlement
-Passed due to lack of Williams children
-removed ability of the monarch to impose catholicism
-made it harder to influence parliament and couldn’t stop impeachments
-placed power in parliaments hands more
Scotland at the end of Williams reign
-Nearly integrated with England
-colony collapsed in panama, causing scotland to nearly go bankrupt
-In 1707, union formed
Changes in the balance of power
-Army and navy expanded from 10000 89 to 93000 by 1702
-state administration grew and parliamentary influence on finance grew
-Church of England became broader, with a further decrease in catholic influence but growing dissenter toleration
-Ireland became more protestantised
-Scotland became more closely tied
Land tax 93
-Raised £46 million
-Window tax further raised money
Parliamentary taxes contribution to revenue
-76% in 1640, 3% in 1700
Church of England by 1702
-Removal of anglican clergymen in response to revolution in 88
-Reduction in clergymen legal power led to increased toleration and reduction in dissenter repression
Non-conformism by 1702
-Conflict between latitudinarians and anglicans over the position of non-conformists
-political stability required toleration, became more accepted
-increased moderation of dissenters
Catholicism by 1702
-Act of settlement led to increased repression
-Seen as a threat due to Ireland and France
-Catholics became less repressed after 1702
-increasing protestant control in Ireland
